British Egyptologist. Born, London 1874. Died, London 1939. Privately educated. Employed by P. E. Newberry in 1891 working for the Archaeological Survey. Assisted in excavations for the Egypt Exploration Fund 1892-3, was with Petrie at Amarna in 1892, and as a draughtsman to the Deir el-Bahri expedition 1893-9. Appointed Chief Inspector of Antiquities of Upper Egypt 1899-1904. Discovered several royal tombs, including those of Hatshepsut, Tuthmosis IV and Amenophis I. Inspector of Lower Egypt 1905. Employed by Lord Carnarvon from 1909 onwards, to excavate in the Theban necropolis, the Delta and Middle Egypt. His most famous discovery, that of the intact tomb of Tutankhamun, was made in 1922. He spent the next ten years recording the tomb's contents. Most of Carter's records for Tutankhamun's tomb remain unpublished.

British Egyptologist. Born, Eltham 1879. Died, Oxford 1963. Educated at Charterhouse, then studied Classics, Hebrew and Arabic at The Queen's College, Oxford. Worked with A. Erman on the preparation of material for the Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache and was sub-editor 1906-8. Laycock Studentship, Worcester College, Oxford, 1906-12. Edited many Egyptological publications, including the Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. Published extensively in the field of Egyptology. Honorary Secretary of the Egypt Exploration Society, 1917-20, Vice President and then President, 1959-63. He was awarded many distinctions during his career. Specialized in hieratic texts on papyri and ostraca. Gardiner published the 1st edition of his Egyptian Grammar in 1927, which is still one of the essential learning aids for Middle Egyptian. Gardiner was also a member of the Tutankhamun excavation team, recording inscriptions from objects found in the tomb during the first few seasons.

French Egyptologist; born at Brie-Comte-Robert, 25 Nov. 1873, son of Louis Clement L., an architect, and Lucie Adele Belin; he at first entered the Ecole Normale intending to take up geology and studied Natural Science at the Sorbonne; he then turned to philosophy taking his degree in this subject 1897, but studying oriental languages simultaneously; the influence of Maspero led him to study Coptic and Egyptian and he joined the Institut Francais at his suggestion and began work for the Cairo general catalogue; he arrived in Egypt in 1899 and in 1901 published his first article on an Egyptian subject, Textes de l'Ancien Testament en copte sahidique, in the Rec. Trav. ; his first volume for the Catalogue General on the coffins in the museum in Cairo followed in 1906; this work led him to become interested in religious texts and he published a series of articles on the Coffin Texts in Rec. Trav. 26-37, which was of great importance before the appearance of the comprehensive work of de Buck; he also wrote a number of articles on Egyptian grammar at this period; in 1912 Lacau was appointed Director of the IFAO in Cairo, 1912-34 and the following year was elected a member of the Institut Egyptien; on 7 Oct. 1914 he was appointed Director of the Antiquities Service, but delayed his departure to Egypt for war service until Sept. 1915 when he was sent back to Egypt so that he could arrange a proper administration for the Antiquities Service throughout the war period; this done he returned to France, 1916, after delegating his work to the Secretary-General G. Daressy; he returned to Egypt in 1917 and resumed his duties; in 1919 he married Anne-Marie Bernard, daughter of the Geography Professor at the Sorbornne, and was made Director of the Institut Francais; he was made a correspondant of the Acad. des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 1923; in the period after the war Lacau issued directives for the partial uncovering of the funerary temples and their dependant buildings at Saqqara, and for the study of the Memphite tombs both architecturally and functionally, and for essential restoration and consolidation work to be carried out at Karnak; sondages were also to be made with a view to making possible the publication of all the completed parts; at the time of the discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun Lacau insisted on all the finds being retained in Egypt and secured the entire collection for the Egyptian Museum; he returned to France in 1936, and succeeded Moret in his chair in Paris, 1938-67; in 1939 he became a Member of the Acad. des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres; after the war he paid three further visits to Egypt, 1950-4, and died in Paris, 27 March 1963; his principal works were, Sarcophages anterieurs au Nouvel Empire, 2 vols. 1904-6; Fragments d'apocryphes copies, 1904; Textes coptes en dialectes akhmimique et sahidique, 1908; Textes religieux egyptiens, I pt. 1910; Steles du Nouvel Empire, 2 vols. 1909, 1926, for Cairo Cat.; Une stele juridique de Karnak, 1949; Sur le systeme hieroglyphique, 1954; Une chapelle de Sesostris 1er a Karnak, with H. Chevrier, 1956; La Pyramide a degres, tom. 4. Inscriptions gravies sur les vases, with J. P. Lauer, 2 pts., 1959, 1961; Une chapelle d'Hatshepsout a Karnak, with H. Chevrier, 2 vols,, 1977, 1979.

British Egyptologist and engineer. Born, Moretonhampstead 1888. Died, Cairo 1946. Educated at Tonbridge School. Trained as an engineer at the City and Guilds Institute, 1905-8. He suffered poor health and went to Egypt in order to recuperate, 1909-10. When he returned to Britain he studied Egyptology, Coptic, and Arabic at University College, London. From 1911 onwards he assisted Petrie on many excavations. During the First World War he was commissioned by Allenby to report on ancient sites in Syria and Palestine. Appointed Chief Inspector for Upper Egypt, 1920. Assistant Keeper, Cairo Museum, 1924. Chief Keeper, 1931. Retired 1941. He was awarded several honorary titles. He published extensively, some of his most important contributions being those where he was to able to apply his engineering expertise.