British Egyptologist. Born, Eltham 1879. Died, Oxford 1963. Educated at Charterhouse, then studied Classics, Hebrew and Arabic at The Queen's College, Oxford. Worked with A. Erman on the preparation of material for the Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache and was sub-editor 1906-8. Laycock Studentship, Worcester College, Oxford, 1906-12. Edited many Egyptological publications, including the Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. Published extensively in the field of Egyptology. Honorary Secretary of the Egypt Exploration Society, 1917-20, Vice President and then President, 1959-63. He was awarded many distinctions during his career. Specialized in hieratic texts on papyri and ostraca. Gardiner published the 1st edition of his Egyptian Grammar in 1927, which is still one of the essential learning aids for Middle Egyptian. Gardiner was also a member of the Tutankhamun excavation team, recording inscriptions from objects found in the tomb during the first few seasons.

Essie Winifred Newberry (née Johnston) married Percy Newberry on 12 February 1907. Essie shared Percy's keen interest in textiles, reflected by her involvement with the Embroiderers’ Guild, where she served as Vice President (1922-1945) and Honorary Treasurer (1935-1938). She accompanied Percy on his expeditions and lived with him in Cairo from 1929 to 1932.

British Egyptologist and papyrologist. Born, Bristol 1912. Died, Oxford 1974. Studied at University of Bristol, BA 1932, then at Oxford, MA 1942, D. Phil. 1947. Lady Wallis Budge Fellow in Egyptology, University College, Oxford, 1945-53. Lecturer in Papyrology, Oxford, 1953-65. Professor of Egyptology, 1965-74. Ordained 1956. Published mainly on papyrology.

British Egyptologist. Born, Beckenham 1878. Died, White River, Transvaal 1948. Studied Egyptology under Petrie and Margaret Murray. Between 1912-14 he excavated with Petrie at Lahun, and after war service again in 1919-21. He then excavated at Qau, Badari, and Deir Tasa before taking up a post in the Cairo Museum in 1931. He was assisted in his work by his wife, Winifred, an artist. After his retirement he returned to South Africa, where he died without having completed his work on button seals.

British Egyptologist and traveller. Born, London 1788. Died, Edinburgh 1862. Educated Trinity College, Cambridge. BA, 1810. MA, 1815. Worked initially for the architect Sir John Soane, 1819-22. Burton then travelled to Italy where he met Sir W. Gell, E. W. Lane, and Sir J. G. Wilkinson. In 1822 he was engaged to survey for coal as part of the Geological Survey of Egypt. He accompanied Wilkinson on his exploration of the Eastern Desert, 1824, then travelled with Lane, 1825. During his time in Egypt, he cleared parts of Karnak, Medînet Habu, and tombs in the Valley of the Kings, as well as assembling a large corpus of material comprised of drawings, plans, copies of inscriptions, and notes. He collected antiquities, which he sold via Sotheby's in 1836. He remained in Egypt until 1834, returning to England, 1835. Many of Burton's drawings and maps are among the Hay MSS.

British architect and archaeologist. Born, Brighton 1841. Died, Mehamid 1926. Educated privately. His first architectural appointment was with Sir Gilbert Scott where he was responsible for church restorations. Surveyor of the Fabric, Sir Paul's Cathedral, 1897. Architect to the Dean and Chapter, Chichester Cathedral, 1900. Took up residence in Egypt in the early 1900s after retiring from general practice. Worked with J. J. Tylor at El-Kâb, and was involved with the publishing of some of the private tombs there. Assisted Quibell and Green at Hierakonpolis. Appointed to oversee the restoration of buildings in Egypt, including ancient monuments. Published several books relating to his work on excavations as well as architectural related works.

British Egyptologist. Born, Liverpool 1903. Died, Cairo 1971. Educated St. Francis Xavier's College, Liverpool, then the Institute of Archaeology, Liverpool University, 1921-3. Went out to Egypt for the first time as an assistant to the EES excavations at Amârna in 1923-4. Also worked for Mond at Luxor and Armant, 1923-8. Subsequently directed excavations at many sites in Egypt, notably his work at North Saqqâra in 1935-9. Served with the British Army 1939-46, afterwards attached to the British Embassy in Cairo. In 1951 appointed to the Edwards Professorship at University College London, which he held until his retirement in 1970. Worked in the Sudan and at Qasr Ibrîm in the 1950s and 60s.

American philologist, archaeologist and Semitic scholar; born in Coquimbo, Chile, 24 May 1891, son of Revd Wilbur Finley A., a Methodist minister and missionary in S. America, and Zephine Viola Foxwell his wife; despite some physical disabilities he became a scholar of the highest distinction and the `Doyen' of Palestinian Archaeology in his later years; AB Upper Iowa University, 1912; Principal of High School Menno, S. Dakota; PhD Oriental Seminary Johns Hopkins University, 1916, his dissertation on The Assyrian Deluge Epic remaining unpublished; he went to Jerusalem where he was Thayer Fellow at the American School of Oriental Research, 1919; Acting Director, 1920; Director, 1921-9; Professor of Semitic languages J. H. Univ. 1929-58; Professor Emeritus of Semitic languages J. H. Univ., 1958-71; editor of BASOR for 38 years, 1931-68; Vice-President and Trustee for over 30 years. Among the 30 hon. degrees he held were hon. Litt. D. Yale, 1950-1, and Harvard, 1961-2. He married Ruth Norton, 1921, a fellow student at J. H. Univ., who took a doctorate in Sanskrit. The part played by Albright in the establishment of systematic archaeological work in Palestine was fundamental, and he conducted what are now historic excavations at Tell el-Ful, north of Jerusalem, Shiloh, Bethel, and especially Tell Beit Mirsim, 1926-32, where he discovered in stratigraphical context a then rare but important pottery type, and whose other occupational phases became standard site terminology for nearly 30 years; his interests were very wide and he accompanied the Arabian expedition of Wendell Phillips as Chief Archaeologist, 1948-50; Jordan Lecturer Univ. of London,1965; he visited Israel as a state guest and was presented with a large Festschnft, 1969; his first article related to the Nile Valley and was on the Elephantine papyri, 1911, and all his working life he maintained a keen interest in ancient Egypt so that in his works on Egyptological subjects and references abound; his bibliography numbered over 12 books as well as others on which he collaborated, and in addition reached the total of more than 1,000 other items, including articles, critical notes, reviews, notices and essays; from this may be selected, The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography, 1934, a standard work in which he had the advice of Gunn, and which if not wholly accepted by Egyptologists was nevertheless an important contribution to the subject; The Archaeology of Palestine, 1949, a classic and the work for which he is probably best known; The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and their Decipherment, another book in which he broke new ground; his last major work was Yahweh and The Gods of Canaan; a Historical Analysis of Two Contrasting Faiths, the Jordan Lectures, 1968; he also contributed articles to JEA and among numerous other journals a number relating to Egyptian subjects in BASOR; he died in Baltimore, Maryland, 19 Sept. 1971.

British Egyptologist and engineer. Born, Moretonhampstead 1888. Died, Cairo 1946. Educated at Tonbridge School. Trained as an engineer at the City and Guilds Institute, 1905-8. He suffered poor health and went to Egypt in order to recuperate, 1909-10. When he returned to Britain he studied Egyptology, Coptic, and Arabic at University College, London. From 1911 onwards he assisted Petrie on many excavations. During the First World War he was commissioned by Allenby to report on ancient sites in Syria and Palestine. Appointed Chief Inspector for Upper Egypt, 1920. Assistant Keeper, Cairo Museum, 1924. Chief Keeper, 1931. Retired 1941. He was awarded several honorary titles. He published extensively, some of his most important contributions being those where he was to able to apply his engineering expertise.

Born, Ripley, Surrey 1817. Died, 1892. Eldest son of Rear-Admiral Edward Hawker (1782-1860), of Ashford Lodge, near Petersfield, Hampshire. Adm. Pens. (aged 18) at Trinity College, Cambridge, 15th March 1836. BA, 1840. MA, 1845. Called to the Bar, 21st Nov. 1845. Married Marguerita, daughter of John Rennie. Travelled to Egypt and Nubia for health, 1850-2. Left graffiti with R. H. Borrowes at Semna and Kumma temples in January 1851.

British Egyptologist. Born, Glenorchy, Hobart, Tasmania 1874. Died, Haywards Heath, Sussex 1928. Educated, St Edward's School, Oxford, then Keble College, Oxford. BA, 1895. Worked with W. M. F. Petrie at Dendera, Hû, and Abydos, between 1897-1901. Assisted G. A. Reisner on the California University excavations at Gîza, 1901-6. From 1906 onwards, he spent of the rest of his career working for the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, culminating in the position of Associate Curator in 1922. He founded and directed the first Metropolitan Museum expedition to Egypt. Between 1922-4 he was engaged as an assistant to H. Carter during the early stages of excavating of the tomb of Tutankhamun. He was forced to resign this position due to poor health. He published several books and articles and collaborated with Carter on the first volume of the publication The Tomb of Tut.Ankh.Amen (1923).

British classical archaeologist, numismatist, and historian. Born, Bowden 1867. Died, Oxford 1951. Educated at Manchester Grammar School. Won a scholarship at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. MA. D.Litt. Excavated at Megalopolis, Greece, 1890-1. Master, Mill Hill School until 1893. Board of Education, 1893-1926. Deputy Keeper of Coins, Ashmolean Museum, 1931-51. Librarian, Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 1933-46. Worked with W. M. F. Petrie at Thebes, 1895-6, and also visited B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt's excavations at Karanis. Copied Greek inscriptions, Cairo, 1899. Worked at Deir el-Bahri with C. T. Currelly, 1905-6. Treasurer, Egypt Exploration Society, 1912-19. Published extensively on the history and inscriptions of Ptolemaic and Roman Period Egypt.

British archaeologist and museum assistant. Born, Giza 1912. Died, England 2002. Began medical training at the London School of Medicine for Women, 1929. Uncompleted Diploma Course in Archaeology, Cambridge University, 1932-3. Excavated with her father John W. Crowfoot and other leading archaeologists, in England and Palestine. Appointed Cataloguer in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, cataloguing the whole of the Egyptian and Nubian collections, she also had a significant role in the arrangement and display of the Museums lithic collections in the Egyptian and Near Eastern galleries, 1957-79. She published many important publications on lithics as well as the Catalogue of the Predynastic Egyptian Collection in the Ashmolean Museum (Oxford, 1993; reprinted with addenda, 2000).

British Egyptologist and archaeologist. Born, Liverpool 1882. Died, Oxford 1934. Studied Mathematics and Classics at Queen's College, Oxford. Jodrell Scholar. Craven Fellow, 1906, which enabled him to study archaeology in Rome. Pelham Student, British School in Rome, 1909. Entered Egyptology and excavated with P. E. Newberry at Abydos, and then in the Delta in 1909. Continued working at Abydos, 1909-13, at first with E. Naville, and eventually on his own. Studied Egyptian with Sir A. Gardiner and taught himself Coptic and Demotic. Lecturer in Egyptology, University of Manchester, 1913-28. Director of the Egypt Exploration Society's Excavations. Laycock Student in Egyptology, Oxford, 1923. Brunner Professor of Egyptology, Liverpool University, 1920-33. Reader and Professor designate in Egyptology, Oxford, 1933-4, but died before the appointment was confirmed. Fellow, Queen's College, Oxford, 1933. Specialised in the study and translation of papyri, especially those concerned with mathematics and Ramesside tomb robberies at Thebes. Edited the Liverpool Annals of Art and Archaeology, 1921 onwards, and the Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, from 1923. Published extensively in these publications as well as many others.

British Egyptologist. Born, Dublin 1871. Died, London 1956. Through her interest in Egyptology she met, then married, Flinders Petrie in 1896. Worked with her husband on his excavations, helping to raise the money to fund their work. She also assisted Margaret Murray with her excavations of the Osireion at Abydos, 1902-3.

German Egyptologist. Born, Berlin 1897. Died, Innsbruck 1971. Studied Egyptology under H. Ranke at Heidelberg, 1924, then with H. Junker and K. Sethe. Dr. Phil., 1926. Employed initially as an assistant in the Berlin Museum, and also worked at the German Archaeological Institute, Cairo. During his time in Egypt he translated texts collected by the German E. Delta expedition in 1929. Also worked for Chicago House, Luxor, as an epigraphist. Lecturer, Göttingen University, 1943. Professor of Egyptology, Heidelberg University, 1952. Professor of Egyptology, Göttingen University, 1956. Professor (emeritus), Göttingen University, 1965-71. Published extensively, especially religious texts.

German Egyptologist and Demotist. Born, Hanover 1870. Died, Munich 1930. Educated at the Universities of Strasbourg, Berlin, and Paris, studying with J. Dümichen, A. Erman, and G. Maspero, respectively, 1888-92. Appointed Lecturer of Egyptology at Strasbourg University. He first concentrated on hieratic papyri especially the juristic texts, then on Coptic and Demotic studies, becoming one of the leading authorities in the field at that time. He published his acclaimed Coptic Dictionary, which was only superseded by W. E. Crum's work. Spiegelberg was a prolific author who wrote several hundred articles.

British Coptologist and Demotist. Born, London 1859. Died, Bath 1944. Educated at Marlborough College and Trinity College, Cambridge. Studied Law and was called to the Bar, but did not pursue this as a career. At the direction of his father he studied medicine, but work in the biological laboratories at University College, London threatened his eyesight. Encouraged by Petrie who he met during his time at University College, he embarked on his Egyptological career at the age of forty, studying with Griffith and Crum. He specialized in Coptic and Demotic, and became eminent in this field. Fellow, University College; Hon. D.Litt. Oxford; FBA. He assisted with the compilation of Crum's Coptic Dictionary. Published several Demotic and Coptic papyri as well as contributions towards other books. He left provision in his will for the foundation of a chair of Egyptology at Cambridge.

British topographical artist; born Kentish town, London, 26 March 1809, son of William B. and his wife Anne; he was articled to John Britton the architect and antiquary, 1823, and employed to illustrate his works; he later travelled to Europe, America, and the Near East, producing his most famous work, The Beauties of the Bosphorus, with Julia Pardoe, 1839, after a visit to Turkey; in 1845 he went to Egypt of which he wrote a descriptive work, The Nile Boat, 1850, which ran to five editions. He died on a ship between Malta and Marseilles and was buried at sea, 13 Sept. 1854.

British archaeologist; she was born in London, Feb. 1888, daughter of William Caton-Thompson, a solicitor, and Ethel Gertrude Page; she was educated in private schools in Eastbourne and Paris and visited Egypt in 1911 with her mother; she worked as a civil servant during World War I and then from 1921-6 was a student of Petrie at University College London; she took part in Petrie's excavations at Abydos and Oxyrhynchus 1921-2; her interest was in the prehistoric period in which she became a specialist; she excavated in Malta in 1921 and 1924; she joined Petrie and Brunton at Qau 1923-5 where she discovered the predynastic village at Hemmamiya; she inaugurated the first archaeological and geological survey of the Northern Fayum where she uncovered two neolithic cultures 1924-8 under the auspices of the British School of Archaeology and then the Royal Anthropological Institute; in 1929 she carried out excavations in Rhodesia at Zimbabwe and other sites; she undertook further excavations at Kharga Oasis 1930-2 and in southern Arabia in 1937-8; she served on the council of the Royal Anthropological Institute, the Royal Geographical Society, and the British Institute of History and Archaeology in East Africa; she was awarded the Cuthbert Peek award of the Royal Geographical Society, 1932; Rivers medallist of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 1934; Huxley medallist, 1946; Burton Medal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1954; Fellow of Newnham College, Cambridge, Hon. Fellow, 1981; FBA, 1944; Hon. Litt. D. Cambridge, 1954; she served as Governor of Bedford College for Women and the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London; her chief Egyptological publications were The Badarian Civilisation, with G. Brunton, 1928; The Desert Fayum, 1934, Kharga Oasis in Prehistory, 1952; and her reminiscenses Mixed Memoirs, 1983; she died at Court Farm, Broadway, Worcestershire, 18 April 1985.

John de Monins Johnson was educated at Magdalen College School and Exeter College, Oxford. He was trained as a papyrologist and before his work at Antinoë he had excavated at Atfî. Most of Johnson's career was connected with Oxford University Press where he became Printer to the University in 1925. His excavations at Antinoë have never been published.

German Egyptologist; he was born at Naumburg an der Saale, 23 Dec. 1810, son of Carl Peter L., Saxon Procurator for the district of Thuringa, and Friederike Glaser; he was educated at Naumburg School, 1823-9; the Universities of Leipzig, 1829-30; Gottingen, 1830-2, where he attended lectures on archaeology and Greek Antiquities and also learnt Sanskrit; Berlin, 1832-3, where he was critical of the philological school under Boeckh; PhD on the Eugubian Tablets, 1833; he went to Paris in 1833 to collect materials on ancient weapons for the Duc de Luynes and while there attended lectures given by Letronne on the history of Egypt, whose critical approach to the subject he afterwards praised; under the influence of Bunsen and Humboldt he studied Egyptology, but although well qualified in many ancient languages he would not learn Egyptian until Champollion's Grammar had appeared; in this he showed his orderly mind which was to be of great service to him later; he required to make comparisons of the different systems of decipherment then being discussed in order to establish the correct one at a time when scholars were still uncertain about them; his famous letter to Rosellini marked the turning-point in the study of hieroglyphs; in this he accepted the Champollion system and showed once and for all that it was the correct one, but also expanded and corrected it where necessary, showing the use and nature of syllabic signs for the fast time and the relationship of certain features to Coptic; in his spare time Lepsius learnt engraving on copper and lithography which he rightly considered would be useful in his work later; he also wrote poetry and music as diversions from his studies; while in Paris Lepsius made many squeezes and tracings of inscriptions and then spent four years visiting the principal Egyptian collections in England, Holland, and Italy; in 1842-5 he led the Prussian Expedition to Egypt and Nubia after having prepared for it most thoroughly; this was the best-equipped expedition that had ever gone to Egypt with skilled draughtsmen among the members; intending mainly to survey the monuments and gather objects Lepsius also excavated the site of the Labyrinth in the Fayum and made a stratified drawing of sections across the site, using a method not normally used in the Near East again until the present century; at this time his interest in Nubian languages was aroused; he went as far south as Khartoum and Sennar and also to Sinai in the north-east; he visited Palestine and later published the Nahr el-Kelb inscription of Ramesses II; in all he sent home 15,000 Egyptian antiquities and plaster casts; he was appointed Professor at Berlin University, 1846; he married Elisabeth daughter of Bernard Klein, the composer and niece of Gustav Parthey 1846; Member of the Acad., 1850; Corresponding Member of the Academie des Inscriptions in Paris, 24 Dec. 1858; co-director of the Egyptian Museum, Berlin, 1855; on the death of Passalacqua in 1865, he was made Keeper of the Egyptian collections and in 1873, Keeper of the Royal Library; the epigraphic and other material collected on the expedition was published in 1859 in the 12 vast volumes of the Denkmaler, probably the largest Egyptological work ever produced; the work consists entirely of folio plates, 894 in all, extremely accurate compared with earlier works of this type; the text did not appear until after his death, when it was compiled from his papers by Naville and others, and published in 5 further vols., 1897-1913; the Egyptian museum in Berlin was largely built according to his specification; in his later works he showed an interest in chronology and mensuration; he visited Egypt with another expedition, 1866, exploring the Suez area and the east Delta; this resulted in the discovery of the decree of Canopus at Tanis, of tremendous importance, as this bilingual stone acted as a check to prove the results achieved by Egyptologists up to 1866 by using the Rosetta stone and Champollion's system; for many years from 1864 on he edited ZAS; his last visit to Egypt was in 1869 when he was present at the opening of the Suez Canal; Knight of the Bavarian order of Maximilian, 1873; Privy Councillor, etc.; his bibl. lists 142 works.

British architect. Educated at Dulwich College. Articled to Charles Henry Money Mileham (1837-1917). AA Schools. Travelled in Italy, Greece and Egypt. Commenced independent practice 1907 in Westminster. In partnership with Wildrid Travers. Published Churches in Lower Nubia (1910).

Swiss Egyptologist and Biblical scholar; he was born in Geneva, 14 June 1844, son of Adrien N. and Sophia Rigaud; he prepared himself for his work with unusual thoroughness, being educated at the University of Geneva, King's College, London, and the Universities of Bonn, Paris, and Berlin, 1865-8; he first worked entirely on the philological side and first visited Egypt in 1865, when he copied the Horus texts at Edfu; he studied under Lepsius and was his literary executor, bringing out the 5 vols. of notes to the Denkmaler with Borchardt Sethe, and other helpers; as a captain in the Swiss army during the Franco-Prussian war he helped to escort prisoners of Bourbaki's army into Switzerland after their defeat by von Werder near Dijon, 1870-1; he next worked on the solar texts and the Book of the Dead, publishing important works in these fields, and later, with Schiaparelli, helped Lefebure on the publication of the tomb of Seti I at Thebes; he was the first excavator of the EEF and had already acquired a European reputation when he was invited to dig for the newly founded Society in 1882; he excavated at Tell el-Maskhuta, 1883, the report for this work establishing the format for future publications of this type; he excavated and explored the Wadi Tumilat, 1885-6, the area at the west end of which he identified as the Biblical land of Goshen; excavated at Bubastis, 1886-9; from here and other sites Naville brought back among other objects the colossal granite head of Amenemhat III now in the British Museum (EA 1063), and huge columns and Hathor-capitals which went to Cairo, London, and museums such as Boston in America; excavated at Tell el-Yahudiya, 1887, Saft el-Hinna, 1887, Ahnas (Herakleopolis), 1890-1, Mendes and Tell Mukdam, 1892, in all about 10 Delta sites; he next went to Upper Egypt to excavate Deir el-Bahari, 1893-6, helped by D. G. Hogarth, Somers Clarke, and H. Carter; returning to the field some years later he cleared the Menthuhotep temple with H. R. Hall, 1903-7; Naville had been brought up in the old-fashioned school of Mariette and Maspero and liked to work on great temples and large monuments, unlike Petrie, but he did make a further examination of the royal necropolis at Abydos, 1910; his last great piece of field-work was the excavation of the Osireion, with G. A. Wainwright and Capt. Gibson, which was left unfinished at the outbreak of war in 1914; he married Marguerite, daughter of Count Alexandre de Pourtales, 1873, a talented artist who executed the plates for most of his publications; she died 14 Dec. 1930; during his long life he acquired many hons. and distinctions; DCL; LLD; PhD; DLitt; DTheol; Hon. FSA; Fellow of King's Coll. London; for. Assoc. Institute of France; member hist.-philos. class of the Videnskabs - Selskabet of Christiana; For. Member Budapest Acad.; Acad. Vienna; Corr. Acad. of Hist. Madrid; Hon. Member Inter. Comm. Red Cross; Hon. Knight of Grace of Order of St. John of Jerusalem; Commander of the Crown of Italy; Officer Legion d'honneur; Knight of the Red Eagle, Prussia and Polar Star, Sweden; Hon. Prof. University of Geneva; Naville firmly opposed the Berlin School on their views of the Semitic aspect of Egyptian language; he possessed a formidable intelligence and could argue his case extremely effectively; he has been proved right in some controversies such as that with Sethe on the Tuthmoside succession, and his theories on the Exodus and its route still remain fundamental in this subject; he published innumerable articles, reviews and books, including The Mound of the Jew and the city of Onias. Belbeis, Samanood, Abusir, Tukh el Karmus. 1887, 1890; The Festival-Hall of Osorkon II in the Great Temple of Bubastis, 1887-89, 1892; Ahnas el Medineh (Heracleopolis Magna). With chapters on Mendes, the nome of Thoth, and Leontopolis, 1894; The Temple of Deir el Bahari, Introductory Memoir, 1894; The Temple of Deir el Bahari, royal fol., 6 vols. 1895-1908; The Xlth Dynasty Temple at Deir el-Bahari, 3 vols., with H. R. Hall and others, 1907-13; The Cemeteries of Abydos, pt. 1, with T. E. Peet, H. R. Hall, and K. Haddon, 1914.