German Egyptologist; he was born at Naumburg an der Saale, 23 Dec. 1810, son of Carl Peter L., Saxon Procurator for the district of Thuringa, and Friederike Glaser; he was educated at Naumburg School, 1823-9; the Universities of Leipzig, 1829-30; Gottingen, 1830-2, where he attended lectures on archaeology and Greek Antiquities and also learnt Sanskrit; Berlin, 1832-3, where he was critical of the philological school under Boeckh; PhD on the Eugubian Tablets, 1833; he went to Paris in 1833 to collect materials on ancient weapons for the Duc de Luynes and while there attended lectures given by Letronne on the history of Egypt, whose critical approach to the subject he afterwards praised; under the influence of Bunsen and Humboldt he studied Egyptology, but although well qualified in many ancient languages he would not learn Egyptian until Champollion's Grammar had appeared; in this he showed his orderly mind which was to be of great service to him later; he required to make comparisons of the different systems of decipherment then being discussed in order to establish the correct one at a time when scholars were still uncertain about them; his famous letter to Rosellini marked the turning-point in the study of hieroglyphs; in this he accepted the Champollion system and showed once and for all that it was the correct one, but also expanded and corrected it where necessary, showing the use and nature of syllabic signs for the fast time and the relationship of certain features to Coptic; in his spare time Lepsius learnt engraving on copper and lithography which he rightly considered would be useful in his work later; he also wrote poetry and music as diversions from his studies; while in Paris Lepsius made many squeezes and tracings of inscriptions and then spent four years visiting the principal Egyptian collections in England, Holland, and Italy; in 1842-5 he led the Prussian Expedition to Egypt and Nubia after having prepared for it most thoroughly; this was the best-equipped expedition that had ever gone to Egypt with skilled draughtsmen among the members; intending mainly to survey the monuments and gather objects Lepsius also excavated the site of the Labyrinth in the Fayum and made a stratified drawing of sections across the site, using a method not normally used in the Near East again until the present century; at this time his interest in Nubian languages was aroused; he went as far south as Khartoum and Sennar and also to Sinai in the north-east; he visited Palestine and later published the Nahr el-Kelb inscription of Ramesses II; in all he sent home 15,000 Egyptian antiquities and plaster casts; he was appointed Professor at Berlin University, 1846; he married Elisabeth daughter of Bernard Klein, the composer and niece of Gustav Parthey 1846; Member of the Acad., 1850; Corresponding Member of the Academie des Inscriptions in Paris, 24 Dec. 1858; co-director of the Egyptian Museum, Berlin, 1855; on the death of Passalacqua in 1865, he was made Keeper of the Egyptian collections and in 1873, Keeper of the Royal Library; the epigraphic and other material collected on the expedition was published in 1859 in the 12 vast volumes of the Denkmaler, probably the largest Egyptological work ever produced; the work consists entirely of folio plates, 894 in all, extremely accurate compared with earlier works of this type; the text did not appear until after his death, when it was compiled from his papers by Naville and others, and published in 5 further vols., 1897-1913; the Egyptian museum in Berlin was largely built according to his specification; in his later works he showed an interest in chronology and mensuration; he visited Egypt with another expedition, 1866, exploring the Suez area and the east Delta; this resulted in the discovery of the decree of Canopus at Tanis, of tremendous importance, as this bilingual stone acted as a check to prove the results achieved by Egyptologists up to 1866 by using the Rosetta stone and Champollion's system; for many years from 1864 on he edited ZAS; his last visit to Egypt was in 1869 when he was present at the opening of the Suez Canal; Knight of the Bavarian order of Maximilian, 1873; Privy Councillor, etc.; his bibl. lists 142 works.

British architect. Educated at Dulwich College. Articled to Charles Henry Money Mileham (1837-1917). AA Schools. Travelled in Italy, Greece and Egypt. Commenced independent practice 1907 in Westminster. In partnership with Wildrid Travers. Published Churches in Lower Nubia (1910).

Swiss Egyptologist and Biblical scholar; he was born in Geneva, 14 June 1844, son of Adrien N. and Sophia Rigaud; he prepared himself for his work with unusual thoroughness, being educated at the University of Geneva, King's College, London, and the Universities of Bonn, Paris, and Berlin, 1865-8; he first worked entirely on the philological side and first visited Egypt in 1865, when he copied the Horus texts at Edfu; he studied under Lepsius and was his literary executor, bringing out the 5 vols. of notes to the Denkmaler with Borchardt Sethe, and other helpers; as a captain in the Swiss army during the Franco-Prussian war he helped to escort prisoners of Bourbaki's army into Switzerland after their defeat by von Werder near Dijon, 1870-1; he next worked on the solar texts and the Book of the Dead, publishing important works in these fields, and later, with Schiaparelli, helped Lefebure on the publication of the tomb of Seti I at Thebes; he was the first excavator of the EEF and had already acquired a European reputation when he was invited to dig for the newly founded Society in 1882; he excavated at Tell el-Maskhuta, 1883, the report for this work establishing the format for future publications of this type; he excavated and explored the Wadi Tumilat, 1885-6, the area at the west end of which he identified as the Biblical land of Goshen; excavated at Bubastis, 1886-9; from here and other sites Naville brought back among other objects the colossal granite head of Amenemhat III now in the British Museum (EA 1063), and huge columns and Hathor-capitals which went to Cairo, London, and museums such as Boston in America; excavated at Tell el-Yahudiya, 1887, Saft el-Hinna, 1887, Ahnas (Herakleopolis), 1890-1, Mendes and Tell Mukdam, 1892, in all about 10 Delta sites; he next went to Upper Egypt to excavate Deir el-Bahari, 1893-6, helped by D. G. Hogarth, Somers Clarke, and H. Carter; returning to the field some years later he cleared the Menthuhotep temple with H. R. Hall, 1903-7; Naville had been brought up in the old-fashioned school of Mariette and Maspero and liked to work on great temples and large monuments, unlike Petrie, but he did make a further examination of the royal necropolis at Abydos, 1910; his last great piece of field-work was the excavation of the Osireion, with G. A. Wainwright and Capt. Gibson, which was left unfinished at the outbreak of war in 1914; he married Marguerite, daughter of Count Alexandre de Pourtales, 1873, a talented artist who executed the plates for most of his publications; she died 14 Dec. 1930; during his long life he acquired many hons. and distinctions; DCL; LLD; PhD; DLitt; DTheol; Hon. FSA; Fellow of King's Coll. London; for. Assoc. Institute of France; member hist.-philos. class of the Videnskabs - Selskabet of Christiana; For. Member Budapest Acad.; Acad. Vienna; Corr. Acad. of Hist. Madrid; Hon. Member Inter. Comm. Red Cross; Hon. Knight of Grace of Order of St. John of Jerusalem; Commander of the Crown of Italy; Officer Legion d'honneur; Knight of the Red Eagle, Prussia and Polar Star, Sweden; Hon. Prof. University of Geneva; Naville firmly opposed the Berlin School on their views of the Semitic aspect of Egyptian language; he possessed a formidable intelligence and could argue his case extremely effectively; he has been proved right in some controversies such as that with Sethe on the Tuthmoside succession, and his theories on the Exodus and its route still remain fundamental in this subject; he published innumerable articles, reviews and books, including The Mound of the Jew and the city of Onias. Belbeis, Samanood, Abusir, Tukh el Karmus. 1887, 1890; The Festival-Hall of Osorkon II in the Great Temple of Bubastis, 1887-89, 1892; Ahnas el Medineh (Heracleopolis Magna). With chapters on Mendes, the nome of Thoth, and Leontopolis, 1894; The Temple of Deir el Bahari, Introductory Memoir, 1894; The Temple of Deir el Bahari, royal fol., 6 vols. 1895-1908; The Xlth Dynasty Temple at Deir el-Bahari, 3 vols., with H. R. Hall and others, 1907-13; The Cemeteries of Abydos, pt. 1, with T. E. Peet, H. R. Hall, and K. Haddon, 1914.

English copyist; she was born at Elford, 5 Jan. 1844, daughter of Revd Francis Edward P., Rector of Elford, Staffs, and Fanny Chester; he was a student at University College London, 1893-8; she went to Egypt 1895-6 with Miss Pine (later Mrs Quibell) for the Egyptian Research Account and copied the scenes in the tomb of Ptahhotep at Saqqara, published in the memoir The Ramesseum, 1896; she visited the temple of Deir el-Bahri and made many coloured facsimiles which were used by Griffith in his Hieroglyphs, 1898; these watercolours are in the Griffith Institute, Oxford; she died unmarried in Wells, 29 Jan. 1925.

Born, Shildon(? or Darlington) Co Durham 09/02/1918. Died, Darlington 27/02/1995. Trained as apprentice photographer, then as wartime airforce photographer; spent WWII in Canada and Belgium. After the war, trained at Gravesend (National Diploma in Design 1949), then at Brincliffe, Sheffield (Art Teacher Diploma 1950-51). Taught at High Storrs Grammar School, Sheffield in 1950s, then Eastbourne School, Darlington Co Durham, until retirement (late 1970s?). Married Jessie Rae Bruce (1925-1995) in 1959; one son, Richard, born 1963, whose interest in Egyptology revived his, leading to Egyptian drawings and models.

Born, London 24/10/1930. Died, Essex 30/07/1999.
John Phillips was born in London, and after his marriage, spent the rest of his life in Essex. On his first day in Primary School he was taken into a classroom with a frieze of Egypt round the walls and was instantly and completely smitten; it was a devotion which lasted for the rest of his life and which influenced much of his work.
John was a Master Craftsman who could turn his hand to working in any material; his first job on leaving school was designing record sleeves for Decca Records; he made marquetry boxes and trays, and designed gun cases and cabinets for Asprey's as well as producing a range of designs for their wrapping paper. He also designed mosaic floors and furniture, worked in copper, carved in wood, painted World War II aircraft, produced detailed pictures of motorcycles in scraper-board, and engraved on marble and glass.
At his house in Theydon Bois he engraved a life-size figure of Horus on marble for his front porch; he also engraved on glass, in reverse and from the back, a map of the world which took up much of a wall in the dining room.
After a major stroke in 1977 he started to make jewellery, and spent the rest of his life producing exquisite pieces for his friends, mostly based on the Egyptian Gods, animals and hieroglyphs and symbols.
He had an eclectic range of interests including archery, target shooting, and the aeroplanes of World War II, and he was a voracious reader.

Egyptological bibliographer; she was born in London, 9 April 1852, daughter of Frederick William P., architect and Sarah Moyle; her tastes were literary and she was acquainted with Dickens, Carlyle, and the Brownings; she was also interested in psychical research; she studied Egyptology under Griffith and under Sethe at Gottingen, after which she spent many years in amassing the material for the Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings, the first volume of which, dealing with the Theban Necropolis, appeared in 1927; this was produced with the collaboration of Rosalind Moss, who produced many subsequent volumes; her MSS are in the Griffith Institute; she died in Oxford, 17 Jan. 1941.

Egyptologist and orientalist; born Guernsey, 23 Aug. 1822, son of Joseph R. and Mary Le Page; educated at Elizabeth College, Guernsey, and Pembroke College, Oxford, 1840, where he read Hebrew and left before taking a degree having become a Roman Catholic; he then went abroad, later becoming Classical tutor, Oscott College; appointed Professor of Ancient History and Oriental languages, Catholic University, Dublin, 1855-64; HM Inspector of Schools, 1864-85; while in Ireland became interested in Egypt through the funerary papyri preserved at Trinity College, Dublin; encouraged by Hincks he now began to publish Egyptological articles in the periodical Atlantis; he visited Egypt with his wife, Ludovica, daughter of Christian Brentano la Roche, 1875, going via Syria-Lebanon; Hibbert Lecturer, 1879; he succeeded Birch as Keeper of Oriental Antiquities, British Museum, 1 May 1886-3 Dec. 1891; he was President Soc. Bibl. Arch., 1885-97; knighted 1896, he made many contributions to Egyptology and published many articles in journals espec. PSBA; his main works were, An Elementary Grammar of the Ancient Egyptian Language, pt. i only pub., 1875; Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion, as illustrated by the Religion of Ancient Egypt, 1880; Assyrian Antiquities. Guide to the Nimroud Central Saloon of the British Museum, 1886; The Book of the Dead. Facsimile of the Papyrus of Ani in the British Museum, 1890; his most important work, the translation of the Book of the Dead, was unfinished at his death and was completed by Naville; his writings were collected and republished by his wife under the title The Life¬work of Sir P. Le Page Renouf, 4 vols. 1902-7; his letters have been edited and published by J.Cathcart, The Letters of Peter le Page Renouf (1822-1897), 2002-4, in 4 volumes; during Renouf's period as Keeper the work of arrangement, modernisation, and enlarging the Egyptian collections was actively carried on, and many famous pieces were added; his correspondence is in the Griffith Institute, Oxford; he died in London, 14 Oct. 1897.

German Egyptologist; he was born at Schwiebus, 2 Aug. 1881, son of Ernst R., pharmacist, and Meta Wahrburg; he studied at the University of Jena and then Berlin under Erman, gaining his doctorate at Friedrich-Wilhelm University, 1904; he helped with the classification of objects in the Egyptian Department of Berlin Museum, becoming a methodical and very systematic worker; he also published the inscriptions in the museum, and at this time also helped with the Worterbuch, 1900-7; he joined the Egyptian Antiquities Service, 1907-11; for Maspero he copied the reliefs and inscriptions in three Nubian temples, Debod, Kalabsha, and Dakka, and for Cairo Museum also published the Naos vol. of the Cairo Cat. General; he completed his habilitaion at the University of Beslau, 1914; he then became a lecturer at Breslau, 1914; Professor, 1916; he was Director of the Hildesheim Museum which had been founded shortly before by W. Pelizaeus, 1915-1945 and Director of the Berlin Museum, Dec. 1940-45 when he was dismissed from his posts as a supporter of the Nazi government; he published a catalogue of this collection; between 1929 and 1939; he directed the excavations at Hermopolis, 1930-39, for which he became famous, clearing much of the vast site of the Thoth temple and the associated buildings, and finding many blocks with scenes of the Aten which apparently came from El-Amarna; he was appointed Director in the Berlin Museum, 1940-45; Roeder made a special study of Egyptian mythology and religion and also certain types of object, his wide variety of interests being shown in his publications; he was a very prolific writer: Debod bis Bab Kalabsche, 2 out of 3 vols. 1911-12; Die Denkmiiler des Pelizaeus-Museums zu Hildesheim, 1921; Aegyptische Inschnfierz aus den koniglichen Museen zu Berlin, 1924; Agyptisch: praktische Einflihrung in die Hieroglyphen und die eigyptische Sprache mit Lesestiicken und Wiirterbuch, 1926; Die Mastaba des Uhemka im Pelizaeus-Museum zu Hildesheim, 1927; Der Tempel von Dakke, 2 out of 3 vols. 1930; Agyptische Bronzewerke, 1937; Der Felsentempel von Bet el-Wali, 1938; _Agyptische Bronzefiguren), 2 pts., 1956; Hermopolis, 1929-1939; Die agyptische Religion in Texten und Bildern, 4 pts. 1959-61, and posthumously Amarna-Reliefs aus Hermopolis. Ausgrabungen der Deutschen Hermopolis-Expedition 1929-39 II, 1969.

British Egyptologist and archaeologist; he was born in Deptford, 29 Oct. 1890, son of Lewis Oxley R., accountant, and Florence Emily Jenvey; he became interested in Egyptology in early life through studying the collections in the British Museum; subsequently while working as a journalist he emigrated to Adelaide, South Australia in 1912 where he enlarged his experience by working voluntarily in museums in Sydney and Adelaide and lecturing in history in the University of Adelaide; after failure to obtain a museum post in Australia, he left Australia in 1922; Rowe's first archaeological field-work was as archaeological assistant to C. S. Fisher with the University Museum of Pennsylvania expedition to Palestine at the site of Beth Shan, an important Egyptian town in the New Kingdom, 1922; he also helped in the recording of objects at Memphis previously discovered by the Univ. of Pennsylvania expedition; from 1923 to 1925 he was chief archaeological assistant to Reisner with the joint Harvard-Boston expedition to Giza, where during the absence of Reisner in America he was directing work at the time of the discovery of the `tomb' of Hetepheres the mother of King Khufu; at this period he directed work on many sites in Egypt and Palestine, Girga (Upper Egypt), Semna and Kumma (Sudan), Beth Shan (Palestine); his assistant in Egypt was T. R. D. Greenlees; this work was followed by excavation at the pyramid of Maidum 1929-32, Gezer (Palestine) and Benha (Athribis), 1925-34; Benha yielded interesting discoveries, 1938, the expedition being financed by Sir Robert Mond; he was appointed Curator of the Graeco-Roman Museum in Alexandria, 1940-9; while in this post he made further discoveries in the Western Desert, notably the Ramesside fortress at Zawyet Umm el-Rakham, 1946; he also excavated the Catacombs of Kom el-Shuqafa, Alexandria, 1941-2; the Serapeum or remains of the temple of Serapis, 1943-5; in 1943 the War Office asked him to make a special report on damage to monuments in the war zone in Cyrenaica; he was appointed Special Lecturer in Near Eastern Archaeology in the University of Manchester, 1950-52, and Lecturer, 1952-8; his last four expeditions were made to the tombs and cemeteries of Roman Cyrene where he discovered remarkable statues of the goddess Persephone 1952-57; he married secondly in 1947 Mrs Olga Serafina Wilson (1905-15 Sept. 1958), daughter of Antonio Cucinotta, who helped him in his archaeological field-work until her death; he published several articles in Australia on Egyptian and other antiquities and left in manuscript a catalogue of the Egyptian antiquities in the South Australian Museum; in addition to numerous other articles in journals he wrote, A Catalogue of Egyptian Scarabs, Scaraboids, Seals and Amulets in the Palestine Archaeological Museum, 1930; The Topography and History of Beth-Shan, with details of Egyptian and other inscriptions found on the site, 1930; The Eckley B. Coxe, jr., Expedition excavations at Meydum (1929-30), 1931; a trans. of Leibovitch's Ancient Egypt, 1938; The Four Canaanite Temples of Beth-Shan, pt. i., 1940; Discovery of the Famous Temple and Enclosure of Serapis at Alexandria, see ASAE 1946; New Light on Aegypto-Cyrenaean Relations. Two Ptolemaic statues found in Tolmeita, 1948; A Contribution to the Archaeology of the Western Desert, see BulL of the John Rylands Library, vol. 36. 128, 484, 1951; vol. 38. 139, 1953; some of his papers are in the Griffith Institute, Liverpool University, and the South Australian Museum, Adelaide; he died in Manchester, 3 Jan. 1968.

British Egyptologsit/Coptologist. Born, ? 1937. Died, Flimby 2006.

Belgian Egyptologist; he was born at Brussels, 21 February 1877, son of Alphonse C. and Alida Carbonelle; he was educated at the University of Brussels; he later studied Egyptology under Wiedemann at Bonn; he was appointed assistant Conservator in the Egyptian collections at the Musées Royaux du Cinquantenaire, Brussels, 1900, became Chief Conservator, 1925 and Director; under his regime the organisation of the museum was greatly improved and many important acquisitions made; he visited Egypt frequently and conducted excavations at Elkab, 1927-9, 1945, publishing reports in ASAE; in addition to his scientific works he contributed freely to the popular press and gave many public lectures which did much to stimulate and arouse interest in Egyptology not only in Belgium, but in many other countries he visited, notably England and USA; his speciality was Egyptian art on which subject he wrote many important books; in 1923 he conducted the Queen of the Belgians on a visit to Egypt and visited the Tomb of Tutankhamun while excavations were in progress, this so stimulated her interest that the Fondation Égyptologique Reine Élisabeth was established under his direction, 1923; with its fine library it has since become an important centre of research, and under its auspices many important publications have appeared including the journal, Chronique d'Égypte, which Capart managed to continue to publish even during the German occupation of Belgium; he also established Bibl. Aegyptiaca, 1932, and was in addition Professor at the University of Liège until 1929 and a Vice-Pres. of the EES whose Bibl. in JEA he edited for a time in the 1930s; from 1932 he was part-time Honorary Curator of Egyptology in The Brooklyn Museum, and from 1938 until his death Honorary Advisory ,Curator; his principal works were, Recueil de monuments égyptiens, 2 pts. 1902-5; Les débuts de l'art en Égypte, 1904; Primitive Art in Egypt, trans. by A. S. Griffith, 1905; Musées roy. du Cinq., Les antiquités ég. guide descriptif, 1905; Bulletin critique des religions de l'Égypte, 1905-1913; Une rue de tombeaux à Saqqarah, 2 vols 1907; L'art égyptien, 2 vols 1909-1911; Donation d'antiquités égyptiennes aux Musées roy. de Bruxelles, 1911; Abydos: le temple de Séti ler, étude générale, 1912; Les Monuments dits Hycsos, 1914; Un Roman vécu il y a 25 siècles: histoire des relations d'une famille sacerdotale ég. avec les prêtres du Temple de Teuzoi ... par Pétéisis fils d'Essemteu, 1914, Lecons sur I'art égyptien, 1920; Lectures on Egyptian Art, 1923; L'art égyptien: études et histoire, 3 vols. 1924-48; Egyptian Art: Introductory Studies, trans. W. R. Dawson, 1923; The Tomb of Tutankhamen trans. W. R. Dawson, 1923; Thebes: the glory of a great past, with M. Werbrouck, 1926; L'art égyptien, I: L'architecture, 1922; Documents pour servir à l'étude de l'art égyptien, 2 vols. 1927-32; Memphis à l'ombre des pyramides, with M. Werbrouck 4°, 1930; Propos sur l'art égyptienne, 1931; Makit: une histoire de souris au temps des pharaons, 1936; La beauté égyptienne - anthologie, 1942; Tout-ankh-amoun, with others, 1943; Le message de la vieille Égypte, 1944; Fouilles en Égypte. El Kab, 1946; Pour faire aimer l'art égyptien, 1949; he also edited the Wilbour letters 1936; he died in Brussels, 16 June 1947.

Eldest daughter of George Lane, a market gardener in Pulborough, Sussex. Lady's maid to Lucy Renshaw, travelling companion of Amelia A. B. Edwards. She married twice, firstly in 1879 to George Collins and then in 1885 to William Norton Western; this explains her married names Collins and Western in official records.

British conservator; he was born in Coatbridge, Lanarkshire, 19 Sept. 1898, son of Robert James P., art teacher, and Lucy Bell; he was educated at the Harris Academy in Dundee and went to University College of St. Andrews in 1916 to study science; he left to serve in World War I where he earned a MC in 1918 and then completed his education at University College, Dundee; BSc,1921; PhD, 1923; in 1924 he joined the laboratory of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research at the British Museum which became the Research Laboratory of the British Museum in 1931; Assistant Keeper, 1931-8; Deputy Keeper, 1938-49; Keeper, 1949-59; Professor of Chemistry, Royal Academy of Arts, 1936-58; Director, International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, 1959-71; President of the International Institute for the Conservation of Museum Objects, 1965-8; CBE, 1959; he worked on the scientific analysis of objects from the tomb of Tutankhamun and was responsible for the care of the objects evacuated from the British Museum during World War II; his principal publication was The Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art, 1956; revised ed., 1971; he died in Inverness, 2 Nov. 1997.

French architect and archaeologist. Born, Cairo 1874. Died, Cairo 1952. Trained at the national school of Arts et Métiers, Aix-en-Provence. Involved in the restoration and clearance of the Great Sphinx. Worked at many sites including Giza, Saqqara, Maidum, Abydos, Ashmunein, Kharga Oasis, Dendera, and Thebes where he worked in the Valley of the Kings, the Ramesseum, the Ptolemaic temple at Deir el-Medina, and especially the temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahri (Deir el-Bahari), Thebes. Also cleared parts of the Luxor temple and was involved in the Nubian temples salvage campaign.

11 November 1881 - 8 February 1953. British archaeologist who worked in Egypt, Iraq, and sites of the Indus Valley civilisation. In 1940, she was appointed an assistant keeper at the Department of Antiquities, Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, and between 1948-1951 she acted as a curator at the Archaeological Museum of the American University of Beirut. In 1912, she married the archaeologist Ernest J. H. Mackay, with whom she often cooperated in later years. She was a member of the Croydon Branch of the Women's Social and Political Union.

British archaeologist and Cretan excavator; he was born in London, 12 October 1904, son of Herbert Stringfellow P., a surgeon, and Lilian Dorothea Devitt; he was educated at Winchester, 1918-23, and Pembroke College, Cambridge, 1923; Exhibitioner, Shoolbred and Beatson Scholar; BA, 1927; MA; FSA; FRSA; Cambridge University Student at the British School of Archaeology in Athens, 1927-8; Member of the Archaeological expedition of Macedonia, 1928; also excavated in Crete; married Hilda Winifred White, 1928; he joined the EES expeditions to Armant and El-Amarna, 1928-9, and then directed the Amarna expedition 1930-1; he was appointed Curator of Knossos in Crete, 1930-4, and was the successor of Sir Arthur Evans in this work; he spent the summer months working in Crete and continued the Amarna excavations until 1936; he later excavated at Mount Dikte and other sites in Crete until the war, 1936-9; British Vice-Consul, Candia, Crete, 1941; although his work was primarily in Crete and Minoan archaeology and history, Pendlebury did much important work at El-Amarna, clearing and re-examining the central city and the important government buildings, as well as excavating many houses; he was able with the help of R. Lavers, to reconstruct the layout and much of the plan of the great Aten temple and the main palace, and also locate the records office and other administrative areas; another important contribution was the classification and study of objects showing contacts and connections between the Aegean and Egypt; besides articles in journals he published, Aegyptiaca, a Catalogue of Egyptian objects in the Aegean Area, 1930; A Handbook to the Palace of Minos, 1933; The City of Akhenaten Il. The North Suburb and the Desert Altars, with H. Frankfort, 1933; The City of Akhenaten III. The Central City and Official Quarters, 2 parts, posth. with H. W. Fairman and others, 1951; Tell el Amarna, 1935; The Archaeology of Crete, 1939; in 1939 he joined the forces in Crete, Capt. 18th Infantry Brigade, and in May 1941 was severely wounded in action; he was looked after m a nearby house which was later entered by German paratroopers; he came from his bed to protect the lady of the house and, according to one version, was shot dead or alternatively he suffered a fatal internal haemorrhage in Kaminia near Heraklion, on or about 22 May 1941.

German Egyptologist; he was born in Rostock, 1 September 1885; he studied Egyptian and Coptic under Erman and Steindorff at the University of Berlin, 1906-12, after having had his interest in Egypt aroused at the age of 17 by reading Steindorff's Blutezeit; PhD, 1912; he was made Hon. Professor in Berlin University, 1928; Professor of Egyptology, 1938-45 when he was dismissed for supporting the Nazi government; Dean of the Philosophical Faculty, 1940-45; Rector of the University of Berlin, 1943-45; he later founded the Institut für Orienforschung in the Berlin Academy of which he was director, 1956-62; Dr. Med. hon. c. Rostock University for his work on ancient Egyptian medicine and medical texts, 1955; Member of the Prussian Academy, 1938; Vice-Pres of the Academy of Arts and Sciences and Acting Pres 1943-5; Guest Professor at Cairo, 1960-1; it is as collaborator with Erman from 1907 in his great work on the Wörterbuch that Grapow is chiefly remembered, but he also wrote and helped to produce many other important works; for the dictionary he assisted in the preliminary task of gathering together the great mass of data, and played a major part in the sorting and arranging of the 1.5 million Zettel used in its production; he was responsible for the regular appearance of all the 11 subsequent vols., a truly gigantic editorial achievement; Grapow's other major interest was the study of medical texts, and with the help of two other writers he brought out no less than six vols. which were of fundamental importance, between 1954 and 1959; his bibl. published on his seventieth birthday lists 87 books and articles; among his principal works are Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, with A. Erman, 6 vols. 1931-55, and 5 of Belegstellen, 1935-55; Grundriss der Medizin der alten Ägypter, I-III and V, 1954-8, IV with H. v. Deines and Westendorf, 1958, VI Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Drogennamen, with H. v. Deines, 1959; on his seventieth birthday a Festschrift was published by his friends with 40 articles by collegues; he died in Berlin, 24 August 1967.

Egyptian Egyptologist; he was born in Salamun near Mansura, 18 April 1906, son of Habachi Ibrahim, a merchant, and his wife Mauna; he was educated at the Coptic School in Mansura and later at the Maronite School in Cairo; in 1924 he began the study of mathematics at Fuad I (later Cairo) University but transferred in 1925 to the Egyptology Section, BA, 1928; in 1930 he was appointed as an inspector in the Egyptian Antiquities Service; he held posts throughout the country at Aswan, 1930-2, Luxor, Cairo, Edfu, Fayum, Abydos, Sohag, Zagazig and Tanta; in 1944 he was appointed Chief Inspector of Upper Egypt until 1946, was at Saqqara, 1950-1, and was reassigned to Upper Egypt, 1951-58; in 1958 he was promoted to sub-director of field work which post he held until his resignation from the Service in August 1960; he was then appointed archaeological consultant of the Nubian expedition of the Oriental Institute of Chicago, December 1960-63; Labib Habachi was the leading Egyptian archaeologist of his generation and undertook excavations throughout Egypt notably at the Heqaib complex at Aswan, at Karnak where he discovered the Kamose stela, and at Bubastis and Qantir in the Delta; he travelled abroad extensively to visit collections in other museums and to deliver lectures which served to popularize Egyptology; he was chosen a member of the German Archaeological Institute, Berlin 1953, a member of the Institut d'Égypte in 1964, an honorary member of the Egyptological Institute of Charles University, Prague in 1965, and of the Société Française d'Égyptologie in 1983; he was awarded the State Prize of Egypt and the decoration First Class for Arts and Sciences in 1959, the Italian Order of Merit in 1973, the French Légion d'honneur 1979, and the Austrian Order of Merit 1980; on 1 May 1966 the honorary degree of doctor was conferred upon him by New York University; he was elected permanent Honorary President of the International Association for Coptic Studies, 1978; he married in 1961 Attiya Hanim Kamil Ayad (d. 1987); on his 75th birthday a Festschrift with articles by 70 Egyptologists was prepared in MDAIK 37; he himself wrote over 170 articles, books, and notes on Egyptological subjects; the most notable were Tell Basta, 1957; Features of the Deification of Ramesses II, 1969; The Second Kamose Stela and his Struggle against the Hyksos Ruler and his Capital, 1972; The Obelisks of Egypt, 1977; Tavole d'Offerta, Are e Bacili da Libagione, 1977; Le Tombeau de Nay à Gournet Murei (with P. Anus), 1977; Sixteen Studies on Lower Nubia, 1981; Untersuchungen im Totentempel Amenophis' III, with H. Ricke and G. Haeny, 1981; and Elephantine IV. The Sanctuary of Heqaib, 1985; Studies on the Middle Kingdom. Studia Aegyptiaca X, 1987; he died in Cairo, 18 February 1984 and was buried at Deir el-Moharreb near Luxor.

French Egyptologist born 1943 in Mulhouse, Alsace. Professor at the University of Strasbourg and researcher at the CNRS. [EF: i think he trained as a chemist originally - need to check] From 1968 to 1984, Traunecker worked with the Centre franco-égyptien d'étude des temples de Karnak (CFEETK) in Luxor, where he specialised in restoration and epigraphy, and published his research from this in the journal Cahiers de Karnak between 1970 to 1982, amongst other places. Alongside numerous books, articles and other publications, Traunecker also helped produce two documentaries, Akhenaten et Nefertiti (2002) and La tombe 33, un mystère égyptien (2007).

British Egyptologist and orientalist; he was born at Bodmin, 27 July 1857, son of Mary Ann B. possibly by a Mr. Vyvyan, and became interested in Egyptian and oriental history at an early age, often visiting the British Museum as a boy; at fifteen he studied in his spare time while employed by W. H. Smith & Son, 1870-8, and was at this time encouraged and helped by Gladstone who took a personal interest in him, and Birch who taught him Egyptian and allowed him the use of the library in the Oriental Department of the British Museum; he later studied at Christ's College, Cambridge, 1879-82; Assyrian Scholar, Hebrew Prizeman, Tyrwhitt Hebrew Scholar; BA 1882; MA 1885; LittD; DLitt; DLit; FSA; assistant Keeper 1883-92, acting Keeper from 27 January 1892, Keeper of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities, British Museum, 1894-1924; Corr. Member of the Academy of Science, Lisbon; Member of the American Historical Society; Knight, 1920; married 1883, Dora Helen (d. 1926), daughter of the Reverend Titus Emerson; Budge went to Egypt, the Sudan, and Mesopotamia many times to obtain antiquities for the British Museum; he excavated at Aswan in Egypt; at Gebel Barkal, the Island of Meroe, Semna, and other sites in Nubia and the Sudan; and at Nineveh and Der in Iraq; Order of the Star of Ethiopia, 3rd class; Dongola medals, 1898; he had great success in his dealings with the local inhabitants and in overcoming official obstruction, and obtained for the British Museum many thousands of cuneiform tablets and other Assyrian and Babylonian antiquities, as well as Egyptian sculptures, papyri, and other objects; he also procured large numbers of Coptic, Syriac, Arabic, Ethiopic, and other oriental MSS, plus many important Greek papyri; his output of published works is the largest of any single orientalist; he edited texts in Cuneiform, Hieroglyphic, Coptic, Syriac, and Ethiopic; he produced many official publications of papyri and monuments, and a great number of popular or semi-popular works in all these fields; in his text editions, Budge was too prolific for careful work, and many of them are inaccurate by modern standards; he persisted in the use of an old system of transcription, and did not utilize many of the grammatical discoveries of the Berlin School; nevertheless without his phenomenal energy and devotion, many hieratic, Coptic, and other texts of fundamental importance would not have become known and been made available until a very much later date; his general works have been of value to students and helped to arouse much popular interest; the following is a list of some of his major Egyptological books: Coptic History of Isaac of Tiphre, 1884; Notes on the Egyptian Stelae, 1884; Dwellers on the Nile, 1885; The Sarcophagus of Ankhnesmineferab, 1885; The Book of the Bee, 1886; Coptic History of Elijah the Tishbite, 1886; Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities (Harrow School Museum), 1887; Sepulchral Stele from Akhmîm, 1887; Coptic Martyrdom of George of Cappadocia, 1888; Account of Excavations at Aswân, 1888; On Cuneiform Despatches from Tushratta (Tell el-Amarna Tablets), 1888; The Nile, Notes for Travellers, 1890; Festival Songs of Isis and Nephthys, The Litanies of Seker, and The Book of Overthrowing Apepi, 1891; Tell el-Amarna Tablets in the British Museum, with C. Bezold, 1892; Catalogue of the Egyptian Antiquities in the Fitzwilliam Museum, 1893; The Mummy, 1894, St. Michael the Archangel, 1894; Book of the Dead (Papyrus of Ani), 1895; First Steps in Egyptian, 1895; An Egyptian Reading Book for Beginners, 1896; The Chapters of Coming Forth by Day (Book of the Dead), 1897; The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, 1898; A guide to the First and Second Egyptian Rooms, British Museum, 1898; A Guide to the Third and Fourth Egyptian Rooms, 1905; Facsimiles of the Papyri of Hunefer, Anhai, Kerasher, Nu, Texts etc., 1899; Egyptian Ideas of the Future Life, 1899; Egyptian Magic, 1899; Easy Lessons in Egyptian Hieroglyphics, 1899; On the Orientation of the Pyramids in the Sudan, 1899; The Book of the Dead, 1901; A History of Egypt from the end of the Predynastic Period to the death of Cleopatra VII, 8 vols., 1902; The Gods of Egypt, or Studies in Egyptian Mythology, 1903; The Rosetta Stone, and Decree of Canopus, 1904; Cook's Handbook of Egypt and the Sudan, 3rd ed. 1911; Egyptian Books of Heaven and Hell; The Book Am-tuat; The Book of Pylons; Egyptian Texts and Translations, 1905, 1925; The Egyptian Sudan, 2 vols., 1907; The Sarcophagus of Seti I (Soane Museum), 1908; The Book of the Kings of Egypt, 2 vols., 1908; Guide to the Egyptian Galleries in the British Museum (Sculpture), 1909; Texts relating to St. Minas etc., in a Nubian Dialect, 1909; Liturgy of Funeral Offerings, and Book of Opening the Mouth, 1909; Coptic Homilies in the Dialect of Upper Egypt, 1910; Book of the Dead, 1910; Hieratic Papyri in the British Museum, 1911; Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection, 1911; Legends of the Gods, and Annals of Nubian Kings, 1911; Coptic Biblical Texts in the dialect of Upper Egypt, 1912; The Papyrus of Nesi-ta-nebt-Ashru, 1912; Coptic Apocrypha, 1913; Papyrus of Ani, 1913; Coptic Martyrdoms, 1914; Short History of the Egyptian People, 1914; Literature of the Ancient Egyptians, 1914; Egyptian Wall-painting, 1914; Egyptian Sculptures, 1914; Miscellaneous Coptic Texts in the dialect of Upper Egypt, 1915; By Nile and Tigris, 2 vols., 1920; An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, his largest work, 1920; British Museum Monographs, Book of the Dead, 1920; Guide to the 4th, 5th, and 6th Egyptian Rooms, 1922; Egyptian Hieratic Papyri, 2nd Series, 1923; Tutankhamen, 1923; Guide to 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Egyptian Rooms, 1924; The Teaching of Amenemapt, 1924; Cleopatra's Needles, 1927; Egyptian Tales and Romances, 1931; Wit and Wisdom of the Christian Fathers of Egypt, 1934; From Fetish to God in Ancient Egypt, 1934; Budge founded in memory of his wife two Egyptological studentships at Christ's College, Cambridge, and University College, Oxford, and left his library to the former college; he died in London, 23 November 1934 and was buried in Nunhead cemetery in south London.

British Egyptologist; she was born in Cheltenham, 8 Feb. 1932, daughter of Henry Macfarlane and Bertha Stevens; she studied Ancient History at University College London and later worked in the Dept. of Egyptian Antiquities, British Museum under Edwards as research assistant 1958-69; she also excavated in Serbia and Jericho; in 1966 she married John Wilkinson, later Warden of St. George's College, Jerusalem; she obtained a PhD in Linguistics at Georgetown University in Washington; she was secretary of the Association for the Study of Travel in Egypt and the Near East, 2004-6; she published Ancient Egyptian Jewellery, 1971; and The Garden in Ancient Egypt, 1998; she died in London, 28 Jan. 2011.

No information.

Only information: from London.