British archaeologist; born Bombay, 28 Oct. 1886, son of Charles Edward Gordon C., a High Court Judge, and Alice Luscombe; he was educated at Marlborough and Keble College, Oxford; becoming interested in archaeology he first wrote a paper on Early Bronze Age distributions and then joined the Wellcome Sudan excavations as an assistant, 1913-14; after war service he undertook field work in Britain and was appointed Archaeology Officer to the Ordnance Survey in 1920; he founded the archaeological journal Antiquity; he published Wessex from the Air, 1928, and Archaeology in the Field, 1953, two books which became standard works and which showed the use of new techniques; he visited Russia, Iraq, and N. Africa and also the Sudan again in 1950-1, producing the History of the Fung Kingdom of Sennar, he was awarded the Victoria Medal of the RGS and Hon. DCL by the Universities of Cambridge and Southampton; CBE; FBA; he also wrote Abu Geili (with F. Addison), 1951; Castles and churches in the Middle .Nile Region, 1961; some of his papers are in the Griffith Institute; he died in Southampton, 28 Nov. 1957.

British architect and archaeologist. Born, Brighton 1841. Died, Mehamid 1926. Educated privately. His first architectural appointment was with Sir Gilbert Scott where he was responsible for church restorations. Surveyor of the Fabric, Sir Paul's Cathedral, 1897. Architect to the Dean and Chapter, Chichester Cathedral, 1900. Took up residence in Egypt in the early 1900s after retiring from general practice. Worked with J. J. Tylor at El-Kâb, and was involved with the publishing of some of the private tombs there. Assisted Quibell and Green at Hierakonpolis. Appointed to oversee the restoration of buildings in Egypt, including ancient monuments. Published several books relating to his work on excavations as well as architectural related works.

British architect and painter; he was born in London, 9 Aug. 1807, son of George A.; he was a pupil of Augustus Pugin and accompanied him to Normandy where he assisted in the Arch. Antiquities of Normandy; he spent several years in Rome and afterwards published The Edifices of Andrea Palladio, 1832; he was recommended to Robert Hay by Lane and Scoles and joined him in Qurna in 1832 as draughtsmen and landscape artist; he also made detailed but fanciful reconstructions of temple façades; he accompanied Catherwood and Bonomi to Palestine, 1833; although it is stated in the DNB and in the first ed. of this work that he never practised as an architect, he seems to have done so as there are letters of his in existence showing that he worked as partner in a firm Arundale and Heape of 48, Greek Street; he exhibited some large paintings made from his oriental drawings; he published Jerusalem and Mount Sinai, 1837; Selections from the Gallery of Antiquities in the British Museum, 1842, in collaboration with Bonomi and Birch; some of his correspondence is in the Griffith Institute; he died in Brighton, 9 Sept. 1853.

British architect. Born, Lincoln 1814. Died, London 1892. Assisted Lepsius's work in Egypt from 1842 onwards. Studied Arabic architecture in Cairo. When he returned to Britain he was appointed decorative architect to the Great Exhibition, 1851. Curator, Sir John Soane's Museum, London, 1878-92.

American photographer. Born, New York 1920. Died, Oxford 2006. Studied at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY. He was a ship's communication officer in the US Merchant Navy during WWII. After the war he worked as a navigator for TWA airlines, and worked on the route which included Cairo. It was here that he came in contact with professional photographers which inspired him to hone his own skills and eventually led to a career in free-lance photography. His commercial work incorporated his own varied interests, and is especially noted for his images of Egypt, its people, culture and ancient monuments. He worked for Chicago House in Egypt as well as several American museums with major Ancient Egyptian collections. He also had his own London based photography agency called The John Ross Photographic Archive.

German photographer. Born, Euskirchen 1844. Died, Cologne 1883. His early training in chemistry led him to the study of photography. He completed his education at the Königliche Gewerbeakademie in Krefeld in 1864. Unusually for this period he specialised in landscape photography. In 1873-4 he was the photographer on an expedition to the Libyan desert led by Gehrhardt Rohlfs, which also explored links with the Egyptian oases. On this expedition he took about 200 images. He was awarded a silver medal in Vienna in 1875 for this work.

Swiss Egyptologist and Biblical scholar. Born, Verrières 1899. Died, Geneva 1956. Studied theology at Neuchâtel. Was taught hieroglyphs by G. Jéquier. Specialized in Old Testament Studies and Egyptology, studying in Berlin and Paris. Doctorate, 1929. Member of the IFAO excavation team working at Deir el-Medîna during 1927-9 and 1938-9, publishing a report and several articles on their work. Appointed to the chair in Hebrew and Old Testament Studies, Geneva, 1937. Administrator, Centre d'Études orientales, 1944. Published several important communications on religion.

British Egyptologist. Born, Calcutta 1863. Died, Welwyn 1963. Entered University College London, 1894. First professional female Egyptologist. Assisted Petrie in his excavations in 1902. She also excavated at many other sites, including Malta and Petra. President of the Folk-Lore Society, 1953-5. Published widely in the fields of Egyptology and folklore.

German historian and chronologer. Born, Hamburg 1855. Died, 1930. Trained historian. One of the leading Near Eastern historians of his time. Devised the first modern chronology for ancient Near Eastern civilisations.

British dentist and Egyptologist. Born, London 1903. Died, London 1985. Trained as dentist at King's College Hospital Dental School, 1926-30. Spent his whole working life as a dentist. Interest in Egyptology led him to study with V. Seton-Williams at the Institute of Archaeology, London. Worked with the team that examined the mummy of Tutankhamun in 1968. Joined the Manchester Mummy project in 1975. Elected Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1966.

American Egyptologist and art historian; he was born in Charlottenburg, Berlin, 13 Oct. 1912, son of Wilhelm Friederich Franz Karl von B., of a Hanoverian noble family, and Marie Julie Auguste Karoline Baroness von and zu Egloffstein; he studied Egyptology at the University of Berlin under Sethe but was unable to finish his dissertation on Egyptian art due to his professor's death; he was appointed as an assistant to Schafer in the Egyptian Department, Berlin Museum, 1932-8 when his post lapsed; because of his opposition to the Nazi government, he fled to France in 1938 and to Switzerland in 1939 where he found temporary employment; he emigrated to the United States in Oct. 1941 where he worked for the Office of War Information and the War Department and later was in army intelligence in Europe until 1946; he was appointed assistant curator in the Department of Ancient Art, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1 Aug. 1946-54; Director of the American Research Center in Egypt, 1954-6; Fulbright resident fellow in Cairo, 1954-6, 1963-4; he became associate curator in the Dept. of Ancient Art, The Brooklyn Museum, 1956-63; curator in succession to Cooney, 1963-82; he lectured at the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University, 1960-78; professor, 1979; Lila Acheson Wallace Professor of Ancient Egyptian Art, 1982-93; Bothmer was a leading specialist in ancient Egyptian sculpture particularly of the Late Period and formed as a research tool the Corpus of Late Egyptian Sculpture, a photographic and bibliographic resource, now in The Brooklyn Museum; he was project director for the New York University's Mendes expedition and the also the Apis House project at Memphis, 1981-6; he organized an exhibition of sculpture of the Late Period Art in The Brooklyn Museum, 1960-1 and produced with E. Riefstahl the authoritative catalogue Egyptian Sculpture of the Late Period, 1960; he was also responsible for two other important exhibitions with significant catalogues Akhenaten and Nefertiti, 1971 and Africa in Antiquity, 1978 which was instrumental in encouraging the study of Nubian and Meroitic Art; a Festschrift in his honour Artibus Aegypti, edited by H. De Meulenaere and L. Limme, was published in 1983; he wrote a large number of articles on Egyptian art and sculpture notably a series Membra Dispersa on fragments of sculpture in different locations; he wrote Brief Guide to the Department of Ancient Art, The Brookes Museum, with J. Keith, 1970 and edited the Catalogue of the Luxor Museum of Ancient Egyptian Art, 1979, and posthumously a travel diary Egypt 1950: My First Visit, ed. Emma Swan Hall, 2003; and Egyptian Art: selected writings of B. V. Bothmer, 2004, ed. by M. E. Cody; his catalogue of Late Period sculpture in the Cairo Museum remained unfinished at his death; his archives were acquired by the Egyptological Archives of the University degli Studi di Milano in 2008; he died in New York, 24 Nov. 1993.

British Egyptologist. Born, London 1883. Died, Oxford 1950. Studied hieroglyphs at University College, London, as a student of Margaret Murray. Assistant to Gardiner helping him with the lexicographical work on Onomastica. Excavated at various sites including Amarna, Haraga, and Saqqâra. Assistant Curator at the Egyptian Museum, Cairo in 1928-31. Curator of Egyptian Antiquities at the University Museum, Philadelphia, 1931-4. Professor of Egyptology, Oxford, 1934-50. Edited the Journal of Egyptian Archeology, 1934-40.

French Egyptologist. Born, Versailles 1865. Died, Zamalek 1943. Trained by his father Paul F., a Classicist and Director of the French School in Athens. Then studied at the École des Hautes Études. Appointed Inspector of Antiquities of Lower Egypt, 1892-4. Professor of Ancient History, University of Bordeaux, 1897. Professor of History of Religions, Aix-en-Provence, 1903. D.Ph., 1910. Director of IFAO, 1915-28. Published many important articles on the history of religion.

British archaeologist; he was born at Hinxhill Rectory, Kent, 29 July 1898, son of Revd John Norris A. and Eleanor Jessy Bunting; he was educated at Bradfield College and The Queen's College Oxford; his education was interrupted by World War I during which he served in the Royal Flying Corps, 1916-8 and was awarded MC, 1918; he continued in the RAF, 1918-9 and in 1920 joined the Sudan Political Service in which he held various political posts culminating in Acting Deputy-Gov. of Darfur, 1932-7; he was appointed first Commissioner for Archaeology and Anthropology in 1939; he returned briefly to Oxford, 1938-9; B. Litt. 1939; he then took up his new Sudanese post which he held until 1949 with a break in 1940-4 when he was Chief Transport Officer; he undertook the organization of the Museums of Antiquities and Ethnography at Khartoum and the creation of the Sudan Antiquities Service; he was editor of Sudan Notes and Records, 1945-8; he was appointed lecturer in Egyptology at University College London, 1948, later reader, 1953-63 and Curator of the Flinders Petrie Collection, 1948-63; he undertook the onerous task of unpacking and cataloguing the collection which had been in store since World War II; he remained Archaeological Adviser to the Sudan Government, 1948-53; he excavated at Khartoum in 1944-5 and in 1949-50 at Shaheinab; FSA and member of its council, 1956-7; ordained in the Anglican church; assistant curate of Great Missenden, 1960-63; vicar of Cuddington with Dinton, 1963-71; his publications include Early Khartoum, 1949; Shaheinab, 1953; A History of the Sudan from the Earliest Times to 1821, 1955; Wanyanga, 1964; and The Prehistory of the .Nile Valley, 1975; he died in Chelmsford, 26 Feb. 1980.

British Egyptologist and traveller; he was probably born in Little Missenden, Bucks, 5 Oct 1797, son of the Revd John W. and Mary Anne Gardner; Wilkinson may be regarded as the real founder of Egyptology in Great Britain; he was educated at Harrow, 1813-16, where he came under the influence of the head master, George Butler who was a friend of Thomas Young and an erstwhile student of his in the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs; he entered Exeter College, Oxford, 1816, but left in 1818 without taking a degree; he embarked on a tour of Europe and Egypt in 1819 prior to joining the army, visiting Italy in 1820 where he met Sir William Gell who first persuaded him to abandon his intended army career and devote his life to the study of Egyptian and other archaeology; possessed of a small income, Wilkinson was able to take up the study of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing as yet incompletely deciphered and not properly understood, and went to Egypt in 1821, where he remained for no fewer than 12 years continuously, except for visits to Nubia and the surrounding deserts; he journeyed as far south as the Second Cataract twice, and carried out excavations at Thebes in 1824, 1827-8; he worked mainly among the tombs as he did not have the resources to engage in greater works; while in Egypt he also studied Arabic and Coptic, learning the latter like Champollion so that it might help him in his work of deciphering inscriptions which he accomplished by dint of hard work and the study of all the material available but also by using and at times correcting his results; there was at this date probably nobody else capable of doing this; after gathering an immense amount of material Wilkinson returned to England, 1833; he was made FRS, 1834; knighted, 1839; DCL, Oxford University, 1852; he revisited Egypt in 1841-2 and surveyed the Natron lakes, publishing an account of his travels, 1843; in 1843-4 he made a great survey of Montenegro, Herzegovina, and Bosnia and published an account of this expedition in two vols.; he visited Egypt again in 1843 and 1848-9, and spent the following winter in Italy, 1849-50; here he studied the Turin Canon of Kings more thoroughly than it had ever been done before, and published a new facsimile; he visited Egypt for the last time, 1855-6; in 1856 he married Caroline Catherine Lucas, a botanist and authoress; he was the first to recognize correctly many royal names and to sort out and put into a reasonable chronological order the dynasties and kings of Egypt; the first to make an adequate working survey of all the main sites in Egypt and Nubia from an archaeological and historical point of view, which he did single-handed unlike the teams who made the French general survey or who assisted Champollion and Lepsius afterwards; the first to draw up a comprehensive plan of ancient Thebes; he preceded both Champollion and Rosellini at Beni Hasan where he made very exact drawings of paintings in the tombs, and where, as at El-Amarna and many other sites throughout Egypt, he noted important archaeological and historical material before other Egyptologists; he was also among the first to identify the site of the Labyrinth at Hawara and many other similar sites; most of his material has never been made available to scholars in adequate form unlike that gathered by Lepsius and other officially sponsored expeditions; he took a prominent part in all archaeological movements in his day and occupied a position in Egyptology analogous to Rawlinson in Assyrian archaeology; he collected natural history specimens, on which he made many important contributions to zoological and geological journals; he was a considerable benefactor to the British Museum, to which he presented many antiquities including articles of furniture and smaller objects connected with daily life such as bread and tools in 1834; these were from tombs and were acquired or excavated by him during his early years in Egypt; he also gave two large collections of papyri (mostly Demotic) in 1834 and 1835; in order to interest young people in the subject he gave his own large collection of classical and Egyptian antiquities to Harrow School, a catalogue of which was published by Budge, 1887; unlike other great Egyptologists such as Champollion and Lepsius, Wilkinson received no government aid for his researches and had to accomplish his vast work on his own; his range of interests far exceeded that of most other Egyptologists before or since; in his monumental account of Egyptian manners and customs he covered, and, although not an expert in all of them, adequately dealt with, over fifty basic subjects, ranging from daily life to chronology, and from botany, astronomy, and geology to funerary beliefs; this work with his survey of modern Egypt and Thebes comprehended in about 2,700 pages the greatest review of ancient Egyptian civilization ever undertaken; during his lifetime Wilkinson was loaded with more honours than any other Egyptologist. His principal publications were Materia Hieroglyphica. Containing the Egyptian pantheon and the succession of the Pharaohs, from the earliest Times to the Conquest by Alexander, and other Hieroglyphical Subjects, 2 vols., 1828-30; Topography of Thebes, and general view of Egypt. Being a short account of the principal objects worthy of notice in the Valley of the Nile, to the Second Cataract and Wadee Samneh, with the Fayoom, Oases, and Eastern Desert from Sooez to Berenice: with remarks on the Manners and Customs of the ancient Egyptians and the productions of the country etc., 1835; Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians. Including their Private Life, Government, Laws, Arts, Manufactures, Religion, Agriculture, and Early History, derived from a comparison of the painting, sculptures, and monuments still existing, with the accounts of ancient authors, 3 vols., 1837, a number of subsequent eds., of which that revised and corrected by Samuel Birch, 3 vols. 1878 is the most popular; Modern Egypt and Thebes. Being a description of Egypt, including the information required for travellers in that Country, 2 vols., 1843; A Handbook for Egypt. Including descriptions of the course of the Nile to the Second Cataract, Alexandria, Cairo, The Pyramids, and Thebes, the overland transit to India, the Peninsula of Mount Sinai, the Oases, etc., a new and shorter ed. of the previous work, and one which became Murray's standard guide for travellers, 1847, among others.

British Egyptologist and art historian; he was born in London, 19 Feb. 1914, son of Frederick A., a civil servant in the Post Office, and Lilian Ethel Underwood; he studied at the Sloane School, London where his interest in art was fostered; after a year at King's College, London, studying English, he transferred to the Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London; BA, 1936; he was appointed Assistant Keeper in the Department of Art and Ethnography in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh in charge of the archaeological and ethnographical collections, 1937; he served in the Scottish Education Office and Royal Air Force (Signals) 1942-6; he spent a year as Associate Curator, Dept. of Egyptian Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1955-6; Keeper, Dept. of Art and Archaeology, Royal Scottish Museum, 1961¬74; Member of the Committee of the Egypt Exploration Society, 1959-76; Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1978; he specialized in the study of Egyptian art and jewellery and was a leading authority on the reign of Akhenaten; he greatly added to the Egyptian collection of the Royal Scottish Museum; his publications included Old Kingdom Art in Ancient Egypt, 1949; Middle Kingdom Art in Ancient Egypt, 1950; New Kingdom Art in Ancient Egypt during the Eighteenth Dynasty 1590-1315 B. C., 1951; all three reissued as The Development of Ancient Egyptian Art, 1952; The Egyptians, 1961, 2nd ed. 1984; Egypt to the End of the Old Kingdom, 1965; Akhenaten, Pharaoh of Egypt - a New Study, 1968; Egypt: The Amama Period and the End of the Eighteenth Dynasty, 1971, later published in Vol. II, Part 2 of The Cambridge Ancient History, 1975; Jewels of the Pharaohs, 1971; Tutankhamun's Egypt, 1972; Akhenaten and Nefertiti, 1973; The Temple of Dendur, 1978; Tutankhamun, Craftsmanship in Gold in the Reign of the King, 1979; Le Monde egyptien. Les Pharaons, with J. Leclant et al, 3 vols., 1979-80; Egyptian Art in the Days of the Pharaohs, 3100-320 B. C, 1980; and Akhenaten: King of Egypt, 1988; he died in Edinburgh, 23 June 1991.

British broker at Lloyds and historian. Born, Ealing 1888. Died, Bletchley 1968. Educated at St. Paul's School. Many honours including OBE, FRSE, FRSL, FSA, Hon. Fellow, Imperial College of Science, and Hon. Fellow of the Egypt Exploration Society. Learned hieroglyphs in order to further his studies into early medicine. Published widely in many fields including Egyptology.

British artist and musician. Born, London 1896. Died, Toronto 1959. Educated in Canada, and then from 1922 studied music at the Royal College of Music. While at Oxford she began making archaeological drawings under the direction of Sir Leonard Woolley. This led onto her working for Sir Alan Gardiner and the Egypt Exploration Society; she copied and subsequently published parts of the temple of Sethos I at Abydos.

British archaeologist and photographer. Born, Stamford 1879. Died, Asyut 1940. Began his photographic career in Florence with the art historian R. Cust. He was then engaged as a excavator at Thebes by Theodore Davis between 1910-14. Then from 1914 onwards he worked for the rest of his career as a photographer for the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. His task was to record many of the royal and private tombs at Thebes. Between 1922 and 1933 he was lent by the Metropolitan Museum to Lord Carnarvon and Howard Carter to make a photographic record during the excavation of the tomb of Tutankhamun.

American Egyptologist and orientalist. Born, Rockford, Ill. 1865. Died, New York 1935. Educated at North-Western College, Naperville, Ill., then Chicago College of Pharmacy, 1882-6. Started a career in pharmacy before going on to study Hebrew at the Congressional Institute. Then Yale University, 1890-1. AM degree, 1892. Went to Berlin to study Egyptology with Erman, 1894. Assistant in Egyptology and assistant director of Haskell Oriental Museum, University of Chicago, 1895-1901. Director of Haskell, 1905. Instructor in Egyptology and Semitic Languages, 1896. Professor of Egyptology and Oriental History, 1905. Whilst working on the Berlin dictionary in 1990-4, he was also able to record many texts from monuments in various German museums which formed the basis of his publication Ancient Records. Director, University of Chicago Egyptian Expedition, 1905-7. Was awarded many honours during his career. Founded the Oriental Institute at Chicago which was financially backed by J. D. Rockefeller, Jnr.

German/British prehistorian. Born, Berlin 1892. Died, Oxford 1975. Studied medicine and Egyptology at the University of Berlin. Excavated at Hermopolis. Assistant Keeper of Egyptology, Manchester Museum.

British Egyptologist. Born, London 1874. Died, London 1939. Privately educated. Employed by P. E. Newberry in 1891 working for the Archaeological Survey. Assisted in excavations for the Egypt Exploration Fund 1892-3, was with Petrie at Amarna in 1892, and as a draughtsman to the Deir el-Bahri expedition 1893-9. Appointed Chief Inspector of Antiquities of Upper Egypt 1899-1904. Discovered several royal tombs, including those of Hatshepsut, Tuthmosis IV and Amenophis I. Inspector of Lower Egypt 1905. Employed by Lord Carnarvon from 1909 onwards, to excavate in the Theban necropolis, the Delta and Middle Egypt. His most famous discovery, that of the intact tomb of Tutankhamun, was made in 1922. He spent the next ten years recording the tomb's contents. Most of Carter's records for Tutankhamun's tomb remain unpublished.

Italian Egyptologist; he was born in Milan, 8 Jan. 1812, son of Giuseppe V. and Maddalena Brutpacher; he studied painting but was later involved in a political plot, and was condemned to death, although afterwards the sentence was commuted and he was released; he took refuge in Switzerland, France and England where he earned a living by teaching Italian and selling pictures; he went to Egypt about 1841 where he lived as a portrait-painter and dealer; he returned to Milan, 1848, but again went into exile in Egypt in 1849; he travelled to Constantinople and Smyrna, where he married; his wife died a few months later, and he returned to Egypt; as a dealer he had become acquainted with Mariette by 1853 when he sold him the coffin of King Intef; in 1856 he sold some important papyri to the British Museum (EA 100068, 100083, 10403); in 1859 he became assistant to Mariette and conducted many of his excavations; he served in Garibaldi's army, 1860, and was named curator of Egyptian antiquities at the Naples Museum, 1860; he was Keeper of the Bulaq Museum, 1865-83; temporary Director, 18 Jan.-7 Feb. 1881; he retired to Milan in 1883 and then Rome in 1884; he published Opuscules Divers, 2 vols. 1864-7; I Monumenti istorici egizi, it Musueo e gli scavi d'antichita eseguiti per ordine di S. A. Vicere Ismail Pascia; notizia sommaria, 1869; I Musei Egizi d'Italia, 1873; there is a marble bust of him in the Cairo Museum; a collection of his Egyptian antiquities and books was acquired in the 1930s by the American collector Horace L. Mayer, who were donated many to the Boston Museum; his papers are in the Griffith Institute, Oxford, and at Milan; he died in Rome, 13 June 1887.

British clergyman and collector; he was born in Chester-le-Street, Co. Durham, 26 April 1824, second son of William S., coal owner, and Barbara Haytor; he was educated at The Queen's College, Oxford from 1842; BA, 1847; MA, 1848; ordained, 1849; he held various curacies, 1849-64; Rector of Warkton, Northants., 1865-81, where he completely restored the church; he visited Egypt, 1854-5, and brought back some important antiquities; some of these were published in a fol. vol. without letterpress, Egyptian Antiquities collected on a voyage made in Upper Egypt in the years 1854 and 1855 ..., 1855; most of the antiquities were bought by Joseph Mayer of Liverpool, including the papyri, now famous as `Mayer A & B'; the British Museum bought the Coptic and Greek papyri, one of which had on the verso the Funeral oration of Hypereides, edited by Churchill Babington; the remainder were given to the Bristol Museum by Miss Stobart in 1927; his squeezes are in the Griffith Institute, Oxford; he retired to Wykeham Rise, Totteridge, Herts. in 1881, and died at Funchal, Madeira, 30 Dec. 1895.

British architect and excavator; he was born in Ipswich, 4 April 1878, son of Francis Edward N., clergyman, and Ellen Giesler; educated Repton, RA Schools and as a student of Sir Aston Webb; he practised as an architect for several years then helped Ashby to plan the Roman ruins at Caerwent, 1906; he next studied monuments in Rome, 1907, and went to Sardinia with Ashby and Duncan Mackenzie to plan nuraghi, 1908; he accompanied the latter to Syria and explored Moab in search of megalithic monuments and excavated at Beth Shemesh for the PEF; at this time he also made the first complete measured drawings of some of the finer rock-tombs and seems to have become acquainted with Egypt; he served in the Hon. Artillery Company during the First World War; he was regularly with the EES expedition to El-Amarna, 1920-4, assisting in the excavation and making plans of a vast area of the city; he also accompanied the joint expedition of the British Museum and Pennsylvania University to Ur of the Chaldees under Woolley, 1922-3; in addition he spent several weeks planning and surveying for Sir Arthur Evans at Knossos, 1923-4; appointed Director of Excavations at El-Amarna just before his death; although he left no book or major work in his own name much of his results can be found in the City of Akenaten, vol. i, and similar publications by other archaeologists who used his excellent drawings and plans which were of an exceedingly high order; his remarkable coloured drawings of the mural paintings at El-Amarna were published as a memorial volume in 1929; his papers and drawings are in the Griffith Institute, Oxford; Newton was taken ill during an epidemic while directing his last expedition at El-Amarna and died in Asyut, 25 Dec. 1924.

German Egyptologist. Born, Caracas 1876. Died, Uppsala 1921. Studied at Berlin under Erman, 1896-1900. PhD, 1900. Then excavated in Egypt and was attached to the German consulate, 1901-7. Was appointed to the staff of Berlin Museum, later becoming Assistant Director of the Egyptian collections, 1907. Habilitation, 1912. Lectured at Berlin, 1913-6, 1918-22. Professor, 1916. Excavated in Egypt, particularly at Abusir el-Melek. He was an all-round Egyptologist and produced an edition of the Rhind Demotic Bilingual Papyri, a volume on goldsmith's work in Berlin Museum, and another on Mummy Portraits, but his most important work was in the field of hieratic texts and palaeography. At the time of his death he was preparing works on the graffiti in the Hatnub quarry, hieroglyphic palaeography, and the history of the Libyans.

British chemist and excavator; he was born in Farnworth, near Widnes, Lancs., 9 Sept. 1867, eldest son of Dr. Ludwig Mond, FRS, who was of German origin, and Frida Lowenthal; he was educated at Cheltenham and Peterhouse, Cambridge, also at the Universities of Zurich, Edinburgh, and Glasgow; he married firstly in 1898, Helen Edith Levis (who died in Luxor in 1905), and secondly in London, 6 Dec. 1922 Marie Louise Le Manach (born in Belle-Isle-en-Terre 5 Feb. 1869, died there 21 Nov. 1949); Director of the Mond Cos.; of his services and contributions to chemistry and other branches of science, accounts will be found elsewhere; for many years his chief recreation was Egyptian archaeology and he frequently visited Egypt from 1901 onwards; in 1902 he began work on clearing and recording Theban tombs, discovering several new ones; he personally supervised the work, 1902-5 and 1923-6; in this effort he had the assistance of Newberry, Carter, E. J. Mackay, Emery, Frankfort, F. W. Green, Weigall, Yeivin and others; he defrayed the cost of repairing, restoring and safeguarding many tombs and other monuments in Egypt including the tomb of Seti I, and was a generous supporter of many archaeological expeditions in Egypt, and elsewhere; those of the EES, of Garstang in Meroe and in Asia Minor, of the Liverpool Inst. of Archaeology, of Miss Garrod at Athlit and Lydda and of H. Winkler in the Eastern and Libyan deserts; in 1926 he ceased working at Thebes and transferred his activities to Armant, in 1929 handing over the concession to the EES when he was elected President that year; he was also Treasurer of the Palestine Exploration Fund and of the British School of Archaeology in Palestine; he defrayed the cost of many archaeological publications, and presented many antiquities to museums, bequeathing his collections to the British Museum and assisting with the purchase of Petrie's collection by University College London; he was also a great benefactor of the Royal Institution, of the British Institute in Paris, and of many other scientific and cultural bodies; LL.D.; FRSE.; FRS; knighted 1932; a large collection of his notes, photographs, and other material relating to the Theban tombs is now in the Griffith Inst., Oxford; he died in Paris, 22 Oct. 1938.

Theodora Eyton-Jones was born in China, the daughter of a missionary. In 1930 she undertook a visit to the Patriarchs of the Eastern Churches, which she described in her book Under eastern roofs (1931). She married the Revd Leonard Patterson, and after his death adopted the name 'Eyton-Patterson', although she used her maiden name for writing.

British archaeologist; he was born in London, 13 May 1907, son of Patrick K. of Galway, Ireland and Mabel Norton; he was educated at Wimbledon College, Merton College, Oxford, and University College London where he studied under Petrie from 1927-8; he took part in the excavations of Guy Brunton in Middle Egypt, Dec. 1928-April 1929; he then assisted Carter and Lucas in the assembly of the shrines of Tutakhamun at the Egyptian Museum; he was appointed to the post of assistant director under Emery on the Archaeological Survey of Nubia, 1929-34 during which he participated in the discovery of the tombs at Ballana and Qustul in 1931; he returned to Oxford to study under Griffith; BLitt, 1935; he was then appointed Director of the Oxford University Excavations in the Sudan, 1934-7, excavating at Firka, 1934-5 and at Kawa with Macadam, 1935-6; he held the Tweedie Fellowship in Archaeology and Anthropology from Edinburgh University, 1937-9; he served on the joint staffs at the Offices of the Cabinet and Ministry of Defence during World War II rising to the rank of Lt.-Col., 1943; he then became Director and Secretary of the Royal Geographic Society, 1945-75 and editor of the Geographic Journal, 1945-78; Hon. Vice-President from 1981; he became adviser to the Sudanese Government during the Nubian rescue campaign, 1958-61; he briefly surveyed Faras with W. Y. Adams and encouraged the Polish excavation of that and other sites; he founded the British Institute of History and Archaeology in Eastern Africa with Sir Mortimer Wheeler; President, 1961-81; Hon. Life President from 1981; Visiting Professor at Cairo University, 1976; Mortimer Wheeler Lecturer at the British Academy, 1977; Hon. President of the Sudan Archaeological Research Society from 1992; he was awarded the Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Gold Medal, 1975; CMG, 1958; KCMG, 1972; he published with W. Emery, The Excavations and Survey between Wadi-es-Sebua and Adindan, 1935; with Emery, The Royal Tombs of Ballana and Qustul, 1938; The Oxford University Excavations at Firka, 1939; and with Macadam, The Temples of Kawa II, 1955; his collected articles were edited by T Hagg, L. Torok, and D. Welsby as Studies on the History of Late Antique and Christian Nubia, 2002; he died in London, 16 April 1999.

Dutch Egyptologist; he was born in Utrecht, 15 June 1922, son of Jacobus Johannaes J. and Theodora Elselina Battenberg; he initially studied history and geography at the University of Utrecht and became a grammar school teacher; his interest in Egyptology led him to continue his studies in a one-to-one capacity with de Buck at the University of Leiden; PhD, 1961; he became Lecturer at the University of Leiden, 1970-79, and then Professor of Egyptology, 1979-83; he was editor of the Annual Egyptological Bibliography, 1970-83; he took early retirement to continue in his research work in London where in 1989 he married the Egyptologist Rosalind Hall who collaborated in many of his publications; he was Hon. Research Fellow in the Dept. of Egyptology, UCL; he was an expert in the hieratic script and a specialist on the economy of the Ramesside period and the workers' community at Deir el-Medina; apart from numerous articles, he published Two Ancient Egyptian Ship's Logs, 1961; Commodity Prices from the Ramessid Period, 1975; with R. Janssen, Egyptian Household Animals, 1989; with R. Janssen, Growing up in Ancient Egypt, 1990; Late Ramesside Letters and Communications, 1991; with R. Janssen, Getting Old in Ancient Egypt, 1996; Village Maria. Ten Studies on the History and Administration of Deir el-Medina, 1997; with others, Woodcutter, Potters and Doorkeepers: Service Personnel of the Deir el-Medina Workmen, 2003; Grain Transport in the Ramesside Period, 2004; Donkeys at Deir el-Medina, 2005; Daily Dress at Deir el-Medina, 2008; Furniture at Deir el-Medina, 2009; he died in London 23 Aug. 2011.