French architect. Born, Versailles 1801. Died, Paris 1872. Trained at École des Beaux-Arts, 1819-22. Worked on the plates for Cailliaud's publication Voyage à Meroé (1826-7). Visited Egypt and Nubia, 1839. Made mainly architectural drawings and paintings during his time there, some of which were reproduced in his Panorama d'Égypte et de Nubie (1841). Treasurer of the Société Asiatique, 1842. Horeau resumed his architectural career working in Paris and London. He won the best design for the Crystal Palace project in London, which in the event was not realised.

Irish Egyptologist, Assyriologist, and clergyman. Born, Cork 1792. Died, Killyleagh 1866. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he studied Hebrew. BA, 1812. Jnr. Fellow, 1813. MA, 1817. Ordained priest, 1817. BD, 1823. DD, 1829. Rector of Ardtrea, 1819-25. Rector of Killyleagh, 1825-66. Contributed considerably to the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs and Babylonian cuneiform. Published many articles and books, including a Hebrew dictionary.

Swiss Egyptologist; he was born in Freiburg, 11 Jan. 1866, son of Casimir Balthasar Jacob H. and Maria Josefina Rudolf; he was educated at the Humboldt University Berlin, studying Egyptology under Brugsch and at the University of Strassburg where he received his doctorate; he was appointed Professor at Freiburg, 1889¬1908; he travelled in Egypt, 1896-1900 and in Egypt and NW Arabia, 1908-13; Professor Extraordinary of Oriental Languages, Zurich, 1918; he retired in 1936 with the title of Hon. Professor; he published an edition of the London-Leiden Demotic papyrus, and the Demotic stories of Khaemwese, but in his later years he concentrated on Arabic; Der demotische Roman von Stne Ha-m-us: Text, Uebersetzung, Commentar und Glossar, etc., 1888; Die gnostische Papyrus von London: Einleitung Text und Demotisch-Deutsches Glossar, 1892; Der demotische Teil der dreisprachigen Inschrift von Rosette, 1902; his notebooks and papers are in the Griffith Institute, Oxford; he died in Zurich, 29 April 1949.

Surgeon and pharmacologist. Born, West Deeping, Lincs 1888. Died, London 1951. Educated at Winchester and New College Oxford; BA, 1911, MA, 1914. Then trained at University College Hospital. He served in the R.A.M.C. and the R.N.V.R. during the 1914-18 war, before returning to Oxford to complete his studies in pharmacology. In 1922 Heathcote was appointed as the first holder of the chair of pharmacology at the University of Cairo, a post he held until 1933. During his time in Egypt he travelled extensively, forming a notable collection of photographs of Egyptian antiquities. On his return to Britain he took up a post at the Welsh National School of Medicine at Cardiff, eventually becoming Professor of Pharmacology, a post he held until his death.

British traveller, antiquarian, and collector. Born, Duns Castle, Berwickshire 1799. Died, Amisfield House, East Lothian 1863. Began a career as a midshipman, and whilst employed as such, visited Alexandria in 1818. In 1819 he unexpectedly inherited the family estate of Linplum following the death of his elder brother. With resources now at his disposal he was able to indulge in his passion for travelling, and spent much time in the Middle East, visiting Egypt in 1824-8 and 1829-34. He was accompanied at various times by several eminent artists, including F. V. J. Arundale, J. Bonomi, O. B. Carter, F. Catherwood, A. Dupuy, G. A. Hoskins, E. W. Lane, and C. Laver. He published Illustrations of Cairo (1840), which contained lithographs of his own drawings and well of those artists he travelled with, but the book made a huge loss due to poor sales, which subsequently curtailed Hay's ambitions to publish more of his work.

Born, Ripley, Surrey 1817. Died, 1892. Eldest son of Rear-Admiral Edward Hawker (1782-1860), of Ashford Lodge, near Petersfield, Hampshire. Adm. Pens. (aged 18) at Trinity College, Cambridge, 15th March 1836. BA, 1840. MA, 1845. Called to the Bar, 21st Nov. 1845. Married Marguerita, daughter of John Rennie. Travelled to Egypt and Nubia for health, 1850-2. Left graffiti with R. H. Borrowes at Semna and Kumma temples in January 1851.

American archaeologist and architect. Born, Middlefield MA, 1893. Died, New York NY, 1959. Trained as an architect at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and then joined the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Egyptian Expedition, mainly working at Deir el-Bahri and at Kharga Oasis. Loaned by the Expedition to the Tutankhamun tomb excavation in 1922-1923.

American draughtsman. Born, Portland OR, 1883. Died, Portland OR, 1969. Studied architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and in 1913 joined the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Egyptian Expedition as a draughtsman. Loaned by the Expedition to the Tutankhamun tomb excavation in 1922-1923.

British Assyriologist (28 January 1911 - 11 January 2001). Shillito Reader in Assyriology, Oxford University, 1945-78; made Professor in 1965. Scholar of both Akkadian and Hittite. In 1948, he joined the council of management of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, and maintained his links with the Institute for the rest of his life, serving as President from 1982. From 1956 to 1996 he edited the Institute's journal, Anatolian Studies.

British Egyptologist. Born, London 1883. Died, Oxford 1950. Studied hieroglyphs at University College, London, as a student of Margaret Murray. Assistant to Gardiner helping him with the lexicographical work on Onomastica. Excavated at various sites including Amarna, Haraga, and Saqqâra. Assistant Curator at the Egyptian Museum, Cairo in 1928-31. Curator of Egyptian Antiquities at the University Museum, Philadelphia, 1931-4. Professor of Egyptology, Oxford, 1934-50. Edited the Journal of Egyptian Archeology, 1934-40.

British classicist and Egyptologist; he was born at Porth, Glamorgan, 7 Dec. 1911, son of Robert G., Baptist minister, and Jemima Davies; he studied classics at the Universities of Cardiff, Liverpool, and Oxford; he was appointed Assistant Lecturer in Classics, University College of Swansea 1946-47, Lecturer 1947-59, Senior Lecturer 1959¬65, Reader 1965-73, Professor of Classics and Egyptology 1973-79 and then Emeritus; visiting Professor at Cairo Univ 1968; he married 1939 Kathe Bosse; he was also active in the Welsh nationalist movement; a festschrift in his honour Studies in Pharaonic Religions and Society, ed. by A. B. Lloyd, was published in 1992; his principal interest was Ancient Egyptian religion and the Greek sources for it; he published The Conflict of Horus and Seth, 1960, translations of Plutarch's De Iside et Osiride 1970, and Apuleius' The Isis-book, 1975; The Origins of Osiris and his Cult, 1980, The Divine Verdict, 1991; Atlantis and Egypt, 1991; and Triads and Trinity, 1996; he died at Swansea, 15 June 2004.

British archaeologist; she was born at Ashton-under-Lyne, 26 Aug. 1854, daughter of Charles Timothy Bradbury, a wealthy businessman, and Elizabeth Ann Tomlins; she was a friend of Amelia Edwards, whom she accompanied to America in 1890; she assisted in the early work of the EEF, rendering great assistance and serving for many years on the committee; she married in 1896 F.L.I. Griffith; a settlement made by her father enabled her husband to devote the whole of his time to Egyptology and provided the basis of the endowment which he later bequeathed to the University of Oxford; she translated two of Wiedemann's books on Egyptian religion into English (1896-7) and took an active part in her husband's scientific works and publications; she died in Silverdale near Carnforth, Lancs, 2 March 1902.

British Egyptologist; he was born in Brighton, 27 May 1862, youngest son of the Revd John G., LLD, headmaster of Brighton College and a mathematician, and Sarah Foster his wife; educated at Brighton Coll., Sedbergh, and Highgate School; he gained a scholarship to The Queen's College, Oxford 1879, but while there refused to read for final hons. and studied on his own; in 1882 he was articled to his brother, a solicitor in Brighton; graduated 1884; MA; DLitt; Hon. LLD Aberdeen; FBA; FSA; his interest in Egyptology was first awakened by reading Belzoni as a child, later at school he became more involved with it and by 1884 had not only acquired a good knowledge of classics but had taught himself Egyptian; he asked Petrie for help and spent four seasons with Petrie and Naville excavating in Egypt, 1884-8, at the sites of Naucratis, Tanis, Tell el-Yahudiya, and Gumaiyema in the Delta; he also gained valuable experience 1886 when he accompanied Petrie on a trip through Upper Egypt from Minia to Aswan, and at this period made a trip across N. Sinai to Wady el-Arish to copy and publish an inscription found by Sayce; he worked as an assistant in the Dept. of British and Mediaeval Antiquities and Ethnography in the British Museum, 1888-96, but continued his Egyptian research in his spare time; he was also Assistant to the Professor of Egyptology, University College London, 1892-1901; Hon. Lecturer in Egyptology at Manchester University, 1896-1908; appointed Reader in Egyptology, University of Oxford, 1901; Professor, 1924; Deputy Professor, 1932; Professor Emeritus, 1933; Hon. Fellow of The Queen's Coll., Oxford; he undertook excavations at Faras and Sanam in Nubia 1910-3; he married 1. Kate daughter of Charles Timothy Bradbury of Ashton-under-Lyne, 1896, who had studied under Petrie, died 1902; 2. Nora C. C. daughter of Surgeon-Major James Macdonald, died 1937; Griffith was the foremost philologist in the whole range of Egyptian texts in Britain, and in the field of hieratic studies broke new ground; with his transcriptions, translations, and interpretations of the Kahun and Gurob Papyri he dealt with extremely difficult cursive texts most accurately; he next turned to Demotic and his Stories of the High Priests raised him straight away to be the leading Demotist of his day; he also did valuable research in Old Coptic and the Nubian language, but his greatest achievement was the decipherment of Meroitic script; this with H. Schafer's similar feat in Christian Nubian was the first pioneer work of its kind since Champollion and brought him world-wide recognition; Griffith's bibl. lists over 260 books and articles his principal works were, Tanis, 1888, a chapter in Petrie's Pt. Naukratis, Pt. ii, 1888; The City of Onias and the Mound of the Jew, 1890, ed. Naville; Two Hieroglyphic Papyri from Tanis, 1889; Inscriptions of Siut and Der Rifeh 1889; Beni Hasan, pts. iii and iv, 1896, 1900; Hieratic Papyri from Kahun and Gurob, 2 vols. 1897, 1898; Hieroglyphs from the Collections of the Egypt Exploration Fund, 1898; Stories of the High Priests of Memphis, 1900; Demotic Magical Papyrus of London and Leyden, 3 vols. 1904-9, with Sir Herbert Thompson; Catalogue of the Demotic Papyri in the Rylands Library at Manchester, 3 vols. 1909; The Meroitic Inscriptions of Shablul and Karanog, 1911; Meroitic Inscriptions, 2 pts. 1911, 1912; The Nubian Texts of the Christian Period, 1913; 'Oxford Excavations in Nubia', in Liverpool Annals of Arch. & Anth., 1921-8; Christian Documents from Nubia, 1928; after his death his wife also completed two of his works, Catalogue of the Demotic Graffiti of the Dodecaschoenus, 1935, 1937; The Adler Papyri, 1939; he wrote articles in EB (9-10 eds); Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible, etc.; in all Griffith wrote or contributed to 19 EEF reports and memoirs, and edited no fewer than 25 vols. of the Archaeological Survey of which he wrote 5; he was by far the greatest literary contributor to the work of the EES, writing many articles and reviews in JEA and editing the Annual Reports for twenty years; he wrote bibls. for 34 years from 1892 on; in later life he was again excavating at Amarna and Kawa in the Sudan; by his will he bequeathed his magnificent Egyptological library, the finest one in existence, and papers, together with a large financial endowment to build and maintain an Institute of Near-Eastern Archaeology at Oxford; this took effect on the death of his wife in 1937, and the Griffith Institute, attached to the Ashmolean Museum, was built and formally opened, 21 Jan. 1939, on his 70th birthday, a fine volume of Studies by 72 of his colleagues, pupils and friends was presented to him; he died in Boar's Hill, Oxford, 14 March 1934.

British Egyptologist and excavator; he was born in London, 21 March 1869, son of Frederick G., solicitor, and Sophia Rose; he studied at Jesus College, Cambridge; BA, 1898; MA, 1901; he became interested in Egyptology at an early age and studied it under Sethe at Gottingen and later at Strasbourg; he excavated sites in Egypt with Clarke, Petrie, and Reisner, and in 1897-9 while working with Quibell on the predynastic site of Hierakonpolis for the Egyptian Research Account, discovered the famous decorated tomb; he also worked for the Egyptian Govt. Geological Survey, 1897-1900, and prepared maps for other surveys, 1905-14; he was in charge of the Mond excavations at Armant, 1929-30; he was Hon. Keeper of Antiquities, Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, 1908-49 to which institution he donated numerous objects; his notebooks are now in the Department of Egyptian Antiquities, British Museum and the Faculty of Oriental Studies, Cambridge; he died in Great Shelford, Cambs., 20 Aug. 1949.

Egyptologist of Georgian nationality. Born, Egypt 1915. Died, Cairo 1950. Studied with K. Sethe in Berlin. Appointed Secretary of the German Archaeological Institute in Cairo. Editorial Secretary of the Société des Études Juives en Égypte.

Russian Egyptologist; he was born in St. Petersburg, 30 January 1856, son of Semion Vasilievitch G., a merchant, and Sophia Gavrilovna; he visited Egypt no fewer than 60 times and brought back a rich collection of antiquities which he sold in 1909 to the Moscow Museum thereby much enlarging it; after the Revolution he never returned to Russia, but resided in Nice; he was for some time employed in cataloguing the hieratic papyri in the Cairo Museum; Professor of Egyptology at the University of Cairo 1924-29; he published his first article in 1874, and his first important work in on the Metternich stela, 1877; in cuneiform studies he also published Vingt-quatre tablettes cappadociennes, 1891, in which he made important contributions to the study of these documents; his name is today associated with many important papyri: the literary papryi and the Story of the Shipwrecked Sailor, now in the Hermitage Museum, and the Mathematical Papyrus, the Hymns to the Diadem, the Story of Wenamun, and other texts in Moscow; he published articles and studies on Wenamun, The Teaching of King Merikare, the Prophecy of the Priest Nefer-rehu, etc; his Glossary (the Onomasticon) formed the basis for Gardiner's Anc. Egyptian Onomastica; his main works were, Die Metternich stele in der Originalgrösse zum erstan Male herausgegeben, 1877; Ermitahe Imperial, Inventaire de la collection égyptienne, 1891; Le Conte du Naufragé, 1912; Les Papyrus Hiératiques, no. 1115, 1116A et 1116B de l'Ermitage Impérial..., 1913; he died in Nice, 5 August 1947.

Swiss artist. Born, Chevilly, Vaud 1806. Died, Paris 1874. Studied art in Paris from 1825. Whilst in Italy, was engaged by John Lowell, Jr., an American traveller, to accompany him as artist on his excursions in the Levant in 1834-5.

British Egyptologist; he was born Westminster, 26 April 1900, son of Stephen James G., deputy editor of the Daily Telegraph, and Elizabeth, daughter of Francis Kingdon; he was educated at Marlborough College and Lincoln College, Oxford where he was a Modern History Scholar, Lit. Hum. and BA, 1922; MA, 1926; he was later Laycock Student of Egyptology, Worcester College, Oxford, 1929¬35; he first visited Egypt as an assistant master in the Egyptian Government Service, 1922, and his enthusiasm for Egyptology having been aroused he joined the EES expedition to Amarna, 1923; he also studied the language under Griffith; he was appointed Assistant in the Dept. of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities, British Museum, 1924; he later became Reader in 1933-5 and then Edwards Professor of Egyptology at University College London; he was elected a Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, 1946-54; he excavated at Amarna, 1925, and Armant, 1928, for the EES, was its Hon. Secretary, 1928-31 and 1933-6, and its Chairman of Committee, 1951-6; he served in the RAF (Air Staff) in the Second World War; Herbert Thompson Professor of Egyptology in the University of Cambridge, 1946-56; Hon. Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford; Master of the Grocers' Company, 1953; Provost of King's College, Cambridge, 1954-6, the first non-Cambridge man to be so elected in 500 years; MA, FBA, FSA; he married 1925, Ethel Mary daughter of J. B. Chubb; he contributed to The Mural Painting of El-Amameh, 1929; published Daily Life in Ancient Egypt, 1930; edited Studies Presented to F.Ll. Griffith, 1932; The Egyptians (for children), 1933; Catalogue of Demotic Papyri in the British Museum, i. 1939; ed. The Legacy of Egypt, 1942; The Growth and Nature of Egyptology, 1947; `Notes on a demotic papyrus from Thebes (B.M. 10026)' in Essays and Studies presented to S. A. Cook, 1950; Catalogue of Demotic Papyri in the British Museum II; The Instructions of Onchsheshonklzy, pt. i, 1955; also articles in the JEA, Br. Mus. Quarterly, etc.; he died in Cambridge, 26 April 1956.

Israeli Egyptologist; he was born at Afula, 29 January 1936, son of Moshe G. and his wife Haya; he studied at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem under Hans Jacob Polotsky and Sarah Israelit-Groll; PhD, 1968; he later undertook postgraduate work at the University of Chicago; he was on the staff of the Department of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University; Professor 1980-94; he was a specialist in the ancient Egyptian language, notably Middle Egyptian, on which he wrote over 30 articles; his thesis Enclitic Particles in Middle Egyptian was summarized in Gott. Misz. 2 (1972), 53-9; he died 10 August 2002.

British Egyptologist and Chartered Librarian. Born, South Ockendon, 1934. Died, Cambridge 2022. Chartered Librarian (ALA), 1958-60. Cataloguer, British National Bibliography, 1957-60. BA in Ancient History, University College London, 1963. MA, PhD and Litt. D, Cambridge University. Budge Research Fellow in Egyptology at Christ's College, Cambridge, 1966-70. Lecturer in Egyptology, University College London, 1970-78. Reader in Egyptian Archaeology, 1978-87. Edwards Professor of Egyptian Archaeology and Philology, 1988-1993. Assisted at Egypt Exploration Society (EES) excavations: Buhen, Sudan, 1963. Saqqara, 1964-68, site director 1970-74, field director 1975-98. Field director of the Epigraphic Mission, Amarna, 1969 and 1980. Saqqara, Leiden excavations, 1999-2000, Joint field director, 1998-2001, field director, 2002. Cambridge Expedition to the Valley of the Kings, Thebes, field director 2005, joint field director 2014 onwards.
Publications include: Egyptian Administrative and Private-Name Seals, 1971; The Royal Tomb at El-Amarna, vol. 1, 1974, vol. 2, 1989; The Tomb of Hetepka, 1979; The Sacred Animal Necropolis at North Saqqara, 1981; (with V. Raisman) Canopic Equipment in the Petrie Collection, 1984; Scarabs, Cylinders and other Ancient Egyptian Seals, 1985; The Tomb Chapels of Paser and Raia, 1985; Corpus of Reliefs of the New Kingdom, vol. 1, 1987; (with A. El-Khouly) Excavations in the Royal Necropolis at El-Amarna, 1987; The Memphite Tomb of Horemheb, 1989; The Hidden Tombs of Memphis, 1991 (German edn 1994); Bibliography of the Amarna Period and its aftermath, 1991; The Tomb of Tia and Tia, 1997; The Tombs of Three Memphite Officials, 2001; Stelae from Egypt and Nubia in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, 2005; Private Stelae of the Early Dynastic Period from the Royal Cemetery at Abydos, 2011; The Tomb of Maya and Meryt, I, 2012; Tutankhamun’s Regent, 2016. Festschrift: Another Mouthful of Dust, ed J. van Dijk, 2016.

British classical archaeologist and traveller; he was born in Hopton, Derbyshire, 1 April 1777, son of Philip G. and Dorothy Milnes; he studied at Jesus College, Cambridge, BA, 1798; MA, 1804; Fellow of Emmanuel College; he studied art at the Royal Academy Schools; he visited the Troad, 1801, and published Topography of Troy, 1804; from 1804 he travelled for some years in Greece, publishing a number of works on the topography and antiquities of the area; he was sent on an archaeological mission to Ionia by the Society of Diletttanti, 1811-3; he was knighted in 1814; he accompanied Princess (later Queen) Caroline to Italy, 1814, and was at the centre of the scandals involving the queen at this time; from 1820 until his death he lived in Rome and Naples; he was very interested in the progress of hieroglyphic decipherment and corresponded with Young, Salt, and Champollion on the subject and encouraged Wilkinson to take up the study of Egyptian antiquities; FRS; FSA; he died in Naples, 4 Feb. 1836; three of his note-books on hieroglyphs are in the Griffith Institute.

Film company.

British Egyptologist. Born, Eltham 1879. Died, Oxford 1963. Educated at Charterhouse, then studied Classics, Hebrew and Arabic at The Queen's College, Oxford. Worked with A. Erman on the preparation of material for the Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache and was sub-editor 1906-8. Laycock Studentship, Worcester College, Oxford, 1906-12. Edited many Egyptological publications, including the Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. Published extensively in the field of Egyptology. Honorary Secretary of the Egypt Exploration Society, 1917-20, Vice President and then President, 1959-63. He was awarded many distinctions during his career. Specialized in hieratic texts on papyri and ostraca. Gardiner published the 1st edition of his Egyptian Grammar in 1927, which is still one of the essential learning aids for Middle Egyptian. Gardiner was also a member of the Tutankhamun excavation team, recording inscriptions from objects found in the tomb during the first few seasons.

Professional photographers. Founded in Florence in 1852.

French Egyptologist. Born, Versailles 1865. Died, Zamalek 1943. Trained by his father Paul F., a Classicist and Director of the French School in Athens. Then studied at the École des Hautes Études. Appointed Inspector of Antiquities of Lower Egypt, 1892-4. Professor of Ancient History, University of Bordeaux, 1897. Professor of History of Religions, Aix-en-Provence, 1903. D.Ph., 1910. Director of IFAO, 1915-28. Published many important articles on the history of religion.

British Egyptologist; he was born in Shoreham, Sussex, 26 Dec. 1894, son of Frederick Arthur F., a bank clerk, and Matilda Elizabeth Wheeler; he entered the Civil Service in 1912; he served briefly in World War I before being invalided out and rejoined the Civil Service in 1916; his interest in Egyptology led him in 1918 to study hieroglyphs in his spare time at University College London under Margaret Murray; in 1926 he became a fill-time assistant to (Sir) Alan Gardiner; he collaborated with Gardiner on his major publications in the autography of the hieroglyphic texts, the commentaries, and the indexes notably for The Wilbour Papyrus and Ancient Egyptian Onomastica; he received his training in Egyptian philology from Gardiner who encouraged his independent publications; he became an assistant in language teaching at University College, London 1951; lecturer in Egyptian language 1954-67; FSA 1950; DLitt from London University 1960; editor of JEA 1946-59; his main area of interest was Egyptian philology in which he made major contributions with his Middle Egyptian dictionary and translations of many important texts; his numerous publications include The Plural and Dual in Old Egyptian, 1929; The Papyrus Bremner-Rhind, 1933; A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, 1962, 2nd ed. 1972; Egypt: From the Inception of the Nineteenth Dynasty to the Death of Ramesses III, 1966 for the Cambridge Ancient History; The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, 1969; Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities in the British Museum,II Wooden Model Boats, 1972, with S. Glanville; The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts, 3 vols. 1972-8; The Literature of Ancient Egypt, 1973,with E. Wente, and W. K. Simpson; The Book of the Dead, 1972; he also wrote many articles and reviews; he died in Ipswich, Suffolk, 3 March 1982.