John de Monins Johnson was educated at Magdalen College School and Exeter College, Oxford. He was trained as a papyrologist and before his work at Antinoë he had excavated at Atfî. Most of Johnson's career was connected with Oxford University Press where he became Printer to the University in 1925. His excavations at Antinoë have never been published.

Swiss Egyptologist and Biblical scholar; he was born in Geneva, 14 June 1844, son of Adrien N. and Sophia Rigaud; he prepared himself for his work with unusual thoroughness, being educated at the University of Geneva, King's College, London, and the Universities of Bonn, Paris, and Berlin, 1865-8; he first worked entirely on the philological side and first visited Egypt in 1865, when he copied the Horus texts at Edfu; he studied under Lepsius and was his literary executor, bringing out the 5 vols. of notes to the Denkmaler with Borchardt Sethe, and other helpers; as a captain in the Swiss army during the Franco-Prussian war he helped to escort prisoners of Bourbaki's army into Switzerland after their defeat by von Werder near Dijon, 1870-1; he next worked on the solar texts and the Book of the Dead, publishing important works in these fields, and later, with Schiaparelli, helped Lefebure on the publication of the tomb of Seti I at Thebes; he was the first excavator of the EEF and had already acquired a European reputation when he was invited to dig for the newly founded Society in 1882; he excavated at Tell el-Maskhuta, 1883, the report for this work establishing the format for future publications of this type; he excavated and explored the Wadi Tumilat, 1885-6, the area at the west end of which he identified as the Biblical land of Goshen; excavated at Bubastis, 1886-9; from here and other sites Naville brought back among other objects the colossal granite head of Amenemhat III now in the British Museum (EA 1063), and huge columns and Hathor-capitals which went to Cairo, London, and museums such as Boston in America; excavated at Tell el-Yahudiya, 1887, Saft el-Hinna, 1887, Ahnas (Herakleopolis), 1890-1, Mendes and Tell Mukdam, 1892, in all about 10 Delta sites; he next went to Upper Egypt to excavate Deir el-Bahari, 1893-6, helped by D. G. Hogarth, Somers Clarke, and H. Carter; returning to the field some years later he cleared the Menthuhotep temple with H. R. Hall, 1903-7; Naville had been brought up in the old-fashioned school of Mariette and Maspero and liked to work on great temples and large monuments, unlike Petrie, but he did make a further examination of the royal necropolis at Abydos, 1910; his last great piece of field-work was the excavation of the Osireion, with G. A. Wainwright and Capt. Gibson, which was left unfinished at the outbreak of war in 1914; he married Marguerite, daughter of Count Alexandre de Pourtales, 1873, a talented artist who executed the plates for most of his publications; she died 14 Dec. 1930; during his long life he acquired many hons. and distinctions; DCL; LLD; PhD; DLitt; DTheol; Hon. FSA; Fellow of King's Coll. London; for. Assoc. Institute of France; member hist.-philos. class of the Videnskabs - Selskabet of Christiana; For. Member Budapest Acad.; Acad. Vienna; Corr. Acad. of Hist. Madrid; Hon. Member Inter. Comm. Red Cross; Hon. Knight of Grace of Order of St. John of Jerusalem; Commander of the Crown of Italy; Officer Legion d'honneur; Knight of the Red Eagle, Prussia and Polar Star, Sweden; Hon. Prof. University of Geneva; Naville firmly opposed the Berlin School on their views of the Semitic aspect of Egyptian language; he possessed a formidable intelligence and could argue his case extremely effectively; he has been proved right in some controversies such as that with Sethe on the Tuthmoside succession, and his theories on the Exodus and its route still remain fundamental in this subject; he published innumerable articles, reviews and books, including The Mound of the Jew and the city of Onias. Belbeis, Samanood, Abusir, Tukh el Karmus. 1887, 1890; The Festival-Hall of Osorkon II in the Great Temple of Bubastis, 1887-89, 1892; Ahnas el Medineh (Heracleopolis Magna). With chapters on Mendes, the nome of Thoth, and Leontopolis, 1894; The Temple of Deir el Bahari, Introductory Memoir, 1894; The Temple of Deir el Bahari, royal fol., 6 vols. 1895-1908; The Xlth Dynasty Temple at Deir el-Bahari, 3 vols., with H. R. Hall and others, 1907-13; The Cemeteries of Abydos, pt. 1, with T. E. Peet, H. R. Hall, and K. Haddon, 1914.

Egyptologist and orientalist; born Guernsey, 23 Aug. 1822, son of Joseph R. and Mary Le Page; educated at Elizabeth College, Guernsey, and Pembroke College, Oxford, 1840, where he read Hebrew and left before taking a degree having become a Roman Catholic; he then went abroad, later becoming Classical tutor, Oscott College; appointed Professor of Ancient History and Oriental languages, Catholic University, Dublin, 1855-64; HM Inspector of Schools, 1864-85; while in Ireland became interested in Egypt through the funerary papyri preserved at Trinity College, Dublin; encouraged by Hincks he now began to publish Egyptological articles in the periodical Atlantis; he visited Egypt with his wife, Ludovica, daughter of Christian Brentano la Roche, 1875, going via Syria-Lebanon; Hibbert Lecturer, 1879; he succeeded Birch as Keeper of Oriental Antiquities, British Museum, 1 May 1886-3 Dec. 1891; he was President Soc. Bibl. Arch., 1885-97; knighted 1896, he made many contributions to Egyptology and published many articles in journals espec. PSBA; his main works were, An Elementary Grammar of the Ancient Egyptian Language, pt. i only pub., 1875; Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion, as illustrated by the Religion of Ancient Egypt, 1880; Assyrian Antiquities. Guide to the Nimroud Central Saloon of the British Museum, 1886; The Book of the Dead. Facsimile of the Papyrus of Ani in the British Museum, 1890; his most important work, the translation of the Book of the Dead, was unfinished at his death and was completed by Naville; his writings were collected and republished by his wife under the title The Life¬work of Sir P. Le Page Renouf, 4 vols. 1902-7; his letters have been edited and published by J.Cathcart, The Letters of Peter le Page Renouf (1822-1897), 2002-4, in 4 volumes; during Renouf's period as Keeper the work of arrangement, modernisation, and enlarging the Egyptian collections was actively carried on, and many famous pieces were added; his correspondence is in the Griffith Institute, Oxford; he died in London, 14 Oct. 1897.

Born, London 24/10/1930. Died, Essex 30/07/1999.
John Phillips was born in London, and after his marriage, spent the rest of his life in Essex. On his first day in Primary School he was taken into a classroom with a frieze of Egypt round the walls and was instantly and completely smitten; it was a devotion which lasted for the rest of his life and which influenced much of his work.
John was a Master Craftsman who could turn his hand to working in any material; his first job on leaving school was designing record sleeves for Decca Records; he made marquetry boxes and trays, and designed gun cases and cabinets for Asprey's as well as producing a range of designs for their wrapping paper. He also designed mosaic floors and furniture, worked in copper, carved in wood, painted World War II aircraft, produced detailed pictures of motorcycles in scraper-board, and engraved on marble and glass.
At his house in Theydon Bois he engraved a life-size figure of Horus on marble for his front porch; he also engraved on glass, in reverse and from the back, a map of the world which took up much of a wall in the dining room.
After a major stroke in 1977 he started to make jewellery, and spent the rest of his life producing exquisite pieces for his friends, mostly based on the Egyptian Gods, animals and hieroglyphs and symbols.
He had an eclectic range of interests including archery, target shooting, and the aeroplanes of World War II, and he was a voracious reader.

English copyist; she was born at Elford, 5 Jan. 1844, daughter of Revd Francis Edward P., Rector of Elford, Staffs, and Fanny Chester; he was a student at University College London, 1893-8; she went to Egypt 1895-6 with Miss Pine (later Mrs Quibell) for the Egyptian Research Account and copied the scenes in the tomb of Ptahhotep at Saqqara, published in the memoir The Ramesseum, 1896; she visited the temple of Deir el-Bahri and made many coloured facsimiles which were used by Griffith in his Hieroglyphs, 1898; these watercolours are in the Griffith Institute, Oxford; she died unmarried in Wells, 29 Jan. 1925.

Egyptological bibliographer; she was born in London, 9 April 1852, daughter of Frederick William P., architect and Sarah Moyle; her tastes were literary and she was acquainted with Dickens, Carlyle, and the Brownings; she was also interested in psychical research; she studied Egyptology under Griffith and under Sethe at Gottingen, after which she spent many years in amassing the material for the Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings, the first volume of which, dealing with the Theban Necropolis, appeared in 1927; this was produced with the collaboration of Rosalind Moss, who produced many subsequent volumes; her MSS are in the Griffith Institute; she died in Oxford, 17 Jan. 1941.

British Egyptologist and archaeologist; he was born in Deptford, 29 Oct. 1890, son of Lewis Oxley R., accountant, and Florence Emily Jenvey; he became interested in Egyptology in early life through studying the collections in the British Museum; subsequently while working as a journalist he emigrated to Adelaide, South Australia in 1912 where he enlarged his experience by working voluntarily in museums in Sydney and Adelaide and lecturing in history in the University of Adelaide; after failure to obtain a museum post in Australia, he left Australia in 1922; Rowe's first archaeological field-work was as archaeological assistant to C. S. Fisher with the University Museum of Pennsylvania expedition to Palestine at the site of Beth Shan, an important Egyptian town in the New Kingdom, 1922; he also helped in the recording of objects at Memphis previously discovered by the Univ. of Pennsylvania expedition; from 1923 to 1925 he was chief archaeological assistant to Reisner with the joint Harvard-Boston expedition to Giza, where during the absence of Reisner in America he was directing work at the time of the discovery of the `tomb' of Hetepheres the mother of King Khufu; at this period he directed work on many sites in Egypt and Palestine, Girga (Upper Egypt), Semna and Kumma (Sudan), Beth Shan (Palestine); his assistant in Egypt was T. R. D. Greenlees; this work was followed by excavation at the pyramid of Maidum 1929-32, Gezer (Palestine) and Benha (Athribis), 1925-34; Benha yielded interesting discoveries, 1938, the expedition being financed by Sir Robert Mond; he was appointed Curator of the Graeco-Roman Museum in Alexandria, 1940-9; while in this post he made further discoveries in the Western Desert, notably the Ramesside fortress at Zawyet Umm el-Rakham, 1946; he also excavated the Catacombs of Kom el-Shuqafa, Alexandria, 1941-2; the Serapeum or remains of the temple of Serapis, 1943-5; in 1943 the War Office asked him to make a special report on damage to monuments in the war zone in Cyrenaica; he was appointed Special Lecturer in Near Eastern Archaeology in the University of Manchester, 1950-52, and Lecturer, 1952-8; his last four expeditions were made to the tombs and cemeteries of Roman Cyrene where he discovered remarkable statues of the goddess Persephone 1952-57; he married secondly in 1947 Mrs Olga Serafina Wilson (1905-15 Sept. 1958), daughter of Antonio Cucinotta, who helped him in his archaeological field-work until her death; he published several articles in Australia on Egyptian and other antiquities and left in manuscript a catalogue of the Egyptian antiquities in the South Australian Museum; in addition to numerous other articles in journals he wrote, A Catalogue of Egyptian Scarabs, Scaraboids, Seals and Amulets in the Palestine Archaeological Museum, 1930; The Topography and History of Beth-Shan, with details of Egyptian and other inscriptions found on the site, 1930; The Eckley B. Coxe, jr., Expedition excavations at Meydum (1929-30), 1931; a trans. of Leibovitch's Ancient Egypt, 1938; The Four Canaanite Temples of Beth-Shan, pt. i., 1940; Discovery of the Famous Temple and Enclosure of Serapis at Alexandria, see ASAE 1946; New Light on Aegypto-Cyrenaean Relations. Two Ptolemaic statues found in Tolmeita, 1948; A Contribution to the Archaeology of the Western Desert, see BulL of the John Rylands Library, vol. 36. 128, 484, 1951; vol. 38. 139, 1953; some of his papers are in the Griffith Institute, Liverpool University, and the South Australian Museum, Adelaide; he died in Manchester, 3 Jan. 1968.

German Egyptologist; he was born at Schwiebus, 2 Aug. 1881, son of Ernst R., pharmacist, and Meta Wahrburg; he studied at the University of Jena and then Berlin under Erman, gaining his doctorate at Friedrich-Wilhelm University, 1904; he helped with the classification of objects in the Egyptian Department of Berlin Museum, becoming a methodical and very systematic worker; he also published the inscriptions in the museum, and at this time also helped with the Worterbuch, 1900-7; he joined the Egyptian Antiquities Service, 1907-11; for Maspero he copied the reliefs and inscriptions in three Nubian temples, Debod, Kalabsha, and Dakka, and for Cairo Museum also published the Naos vol. of the Cairo Cat. General; he completed his habilitaion at the University of Beslau, 1914; he then became a lecturer at Breslau, 1914; Professor, 1916; he was Director of the Hildesheim Museum which had been founded shortly before by W. Pelizaeus, 1915-1945 and Director of the Berlin Museum, Dec. 1940-45 when he was dismissed from his posts as a supporter of the Nazi government; he published a catalogue of this collection; between 1929 and 1939; he directed the excavations at Hermopolis, 1930-39, for which he became famous, clearing much of the vast site of the Thoth temple and the associated buildings, and finding many blocks with scenes of the Aten which apparently came from El-Amarna; he was appointed Director in the Berlin Museum, 1940-45; Roeder made a special study of Egyptian mythology and religion and also certain types of object, his wide variety of interests being shown in his publications; he was a very prolific writer: Debod bis Bab Kalabsche, 2 out of 3 vols. 1911-12; Die Denkmiiler des Pelizaeus-Museums zu Hildesheim, 1921; Aegyptische Inschnfierz aus den koniglichen Museen zu Berlin, 1924; Agyptisch: praktische Einflihrung in die Hieroglyphen und die eigyptische Sprache mit Lesestiicken und Wiirterbuch, 1926; Die Mastaba des Uhemka im Pelizaeus-Museum zu Hildesheim, 1927; Der Tempel von Dakke, 2 out of 3 vols. 1930; Agyptische Bronzewerke, 1937; Der Felsentempel von Bet el-Wali, 1938; _Agyptische Bronzefiguren), 2 pts., 1956; Hermopolis, 1929-1939; Die agyptische Religion in Texten und Bildern, 4 pts. 1959-61, and posthumously Amarna-Reliefs aus Hermopolis. Ausgrabungen der Deutschen Hermopolis-Expedition 1929-39 II, 1969.

British collector; he was born in Syon House, 15 Dec. 1792, second son of Hugh Percy, 2nd Duke, by his second marriage to Frances Julia Burrell; he entered the Navy, 1805; retired Captain, 1815; Rear-Admiral, 1850; Vice-Ad., 1857; Admiral, 1862; he was created Baron Prudhoe, 1816; from 1826 he travelled in the East for some years with Major Orlando Felix and met Champollion in Cairo in Sept. 1828 and again in Nubia in Jan. 1829; he reached Sennnar in 1829 and removed two granite lion statues from Gebel Barkal which were later presented to the British Museum (EA 1 and 2); he formed an extensive collection of Egyptian antiquities (over 2,000 objects), added to by his descendants, of which a catalogue by Samuel Birch was published in 1880; he accompanied Sir John Herschel's expedition to the Cape, 1834; DCL, Oxford, 1841; FRS; FSA; FGS; FRAS; he financed E. W. Lane's Arabic Lexikon and sent him to Egypt to collect materials; his wife, nee Lady Eleanor Grosvenor, continued to support Lane after the Duke's death; he succeeded as 4th Duke, 1847; he also restored Alnwick Castle and greatly improved the estate; First Lord of the Admiralty, 1852-3; a Trustee of the British Museum; the bulk of the Alnwick collection of antiquities were purchased by the University of Durham in 1950, but some pieces were sold at the same time to the British Museum; his papers are at Alnwick Castle; he died in Alnwick, 12 Feb. 1865, and was buried in the Percy Chapel.

British Egyptologist; she was born in Cheltenham, 8 Feb. 1932, daughter of Henry Macfarlane and Bertha Stevens; she studied Ancient History at University College London and later worked in the Dept. of Egyptian Antiquities, British Museum under Edwards as research assistant 1958-69; she also excavated in Serbia and Jericho; in 1966 she married John Wilkinson, later Warden of St. George's College, Jerusalem; she obtained a PhD in Linguistics at Georgetown University in Washington; she was secretary of the Association for the Study of Travel in Egypt and the Near East, 2004-6; she published Ancient Egyptian Jewellery, 1971; and The Garden in Ancient Egypt, 1998; she died in London, 28 Jan. 2011.

British conservator; he was born in Coatbridge, Lanarkshire, 19 Sept. 1898, son of Robert James P., art teacher, and Lucy Bell; he was educated at the Harris Academy in Dundee and went to University College of St. Andrews in 1916 to study science; he left to serve in World War I where he earned a MC in 1918 and then completed his education at University College, Dundee; BSc,1921; PhD, 1923; in 1924 he joined the laboratory of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research at the British Museum which became the Research Laboratory of the British Museum in 1931; Assistant Keeper, 1931-8; Deputy Keeper, 1938-49; Keeper, 1949-59; Professor of Chemistry, Royal Academy of Arts, 1936-58; Director, International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, 1959-71; President of the International Institute for the Conservation of Museum Objects, 1965-8; CBE, 1959; he worked on the scientific analysis of objects from the tomb of Tutankhamun and was responsible for the care of the objects evacuated from the British Museum during World War II; his principal publication was The Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art, 1956; revised ed., 1971; he died in Inverness, 2 Nov. 1997.

Essie Winifred Newberry (née Johnston) married Percy Newberry on 12 February 1907. Essie shared Percy's keen interest in textiles, reflected by her involvement with the Embroiderers’ Guild, where she served as Vice President (1922-1945) and Honorary Treasurer (1935-1938). She accompanied Percy on his expeditions and lived with him in Cairo from 1929 to 1932.

French Egyptologist; he was born in Villeurbanne, 2 April 1219; he studied Egyptology at Lyons under Alliot; he was a pensionnaire at the Institut francais in Cairo, 1945-9 and took part in excavations at Karnak; he then stayed in Egypt; he was appointed UNESCO representative for Nubian affairs and coordinator for the archaeological work in Egyptian Nubia, 1960-7 and so played a major role in the Nubian rescue campaign; his principal publications were Karnak Nord III (1945-1949), with C. Robichon, 1951; Temple d'Amon a Karnak. Les divinites des colonnes de la grand salle hyposyle et leurs epithetes, 1955; Abou-Simbel et l'e'popie de sa decouverte, 1965; and Campagne internationale de l'UNESCO pour la sauvegarde des sites et monuments de Nubie, 1977; he died at Malesherbes, 7 May 1996

British architect and archaeologist. Born, Brighton 1841. Died, Mehamid 1926. Educated privately. His first architectural appointment was with Sir Gilbert Scott where he was responsible for church restorations. Surveyor of the Fabric, Sir Paul's Cathedral, 1897. Architect to the Dean and Chapter, Chichester Cathedral, 1900. Took up residence in Egypt in the early 1900s after retiring from general practice. Worked with J. J. Tylor at El-Kâb, and was involved with the publishing of some of the private tombs there. Assisted Quibell and Green at Hierakonpolis. Appointed to oversee the restoration of buildings in Egypt, including ancient monuments. Published several books relating to his work on excavations as well as architectural related works.

American philologist, archaeologist and Semitic scholar; born in Coquimbo, Chile, 24 May 1891, son of Revd Wilbur Finley A., a Methodist minister and missionary in S. America, and Zephine Viola Foxwell his wife; despite some physical disabilities he became a scholar of the highest distinction and the `Doyen' of Palestinian Archaeology in his later years; AB Upper Iowa University, 1912; Principal of High School Menno, S. Dakota; PhD Oriental Seminary Johns Hopkins University, 1916, his dissertation on The Assyrian Deluge Epic remaining unpublished; he went to Jerusalem where he was Thayer Fellow at the American School of Oriental Research, 1919; Acting Director, 1920; Director, 1921-9; Professor of Semitic languages J. H. Univ. 1929-58; Professor Emeritus of Semitic languages J. H. Univ., 1958-71; editor of BASOR for 38 years, 1931-68; Vice-President and Trustee for over 30 years. Among the 30 hon. degrees he held were hon. Litt. D. Yale, 1950-1, and Harvard, 1961-2. He married Ruth Norton, 1921, a fellow student at J. H. Univ., who took a doctorate in Sanskrit. The part played by Albright in the establishment of systematic archaeological work in Palestine was fundamental, and he conducted what are now historic excavations at Tell el-Ful, north of Jerusalem, Shiloh, Bethel, and especially Tell Beit Mirsim, 1926-32, where he discovered in stratigraphical context a then rare but important pottery type, and whose other occupational phases became standard site terminology for nearly 30 years; his interests were very wide and he accompanied the Arabian expedition of Wendell Phillips as Chief Archaeologist, 1948-50; Jordan Lecturer Univ. of London,1965; he visited Israel as a state guest and was presented with a large Festschnft, 1969; his first article related to the Nile Valley and was on the Elephantine papyri, 1911, and all his working life he maintained a keen interest in ancient Egypt so that in his works on Egyptological subjects and references abound; his bibliography numbered over 12 books as well as others on which he collaborated, and in addition reached the total of more than 1,000 other items, including articles, critical notes, reviews, notices and essays; from this may be selected, The Vocalization of the Egyptian Syllabic Orthography, 1934, a standard work in which he had the advice of Gunn, and which if not wholly accepted by Egyptologists was nevertheless an important contribution to the subject; The Archaeology of Palestine, 1949, a classic and the work for which he is probably best known; The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions and their Decipherment, another book in which he broke new ground; his last major work was Yahweh and The Gods of Canaan; a Historical Analysis of Two Contrasting Faiths, the Jordan Lectures, 1968; he also contributed articles to JEA and among numerous other journals a number relating to Egyptian subjects in BASOR; he died in Baltimore, Maryland, 19 Sept. 1971.

French Egyptologist; he was born in Avesnes-sur-Helpe 27 Jan 1807, son of Constant P., an inspector of the woods belonging to the Prince of Talleyrand who died of typhus in 1814, and Claire Constance Theresa Victoire Pinot; he was brought up by a local cure after the death of his father, and was educated at Chalons-sur-Marne 1822-5, where he obtained the diploma of Engineer-Architect; he took part in the Greek War of Independence, 1826, and then went to Egypt in 1827 where he obtained an appointment as engineer and lecturer in military schools under Muhammad Ali which lasted until 1836; from 1836-1844 he undertook the copying of Egyptian monuments; in 1842 he founded with Henry Abbott the Association Litteraire in Cairo; he cut out the Table of Kings at Karnak in 1843 and overcoming great difficulties removed it to France; he revisited Egypt in 1858-60 with Testas; his name is particularly associated with the famous papyrus in the Bibl. Nationale (Cartons 183-94) and with the Table of Kings; Prisse was an outstandingly brilliant observer and was one of the first to note the Aten blocks in the Horemheb pylons at Karnak, 1839, and wrote to Wilkinson about them at a time when they were scarcely understood; he copied much that has since gone, when rooms were being cleared in temples or walls destroyed for masonry; he adopted the name Idris-Effendi and although known to many visitors to Egypt, received little recognition in his lifetime except for the award of the rank of Chevalier of the Legion d'honneur. The splendid series of publications, included, besides the facsimile of his papyrus discovered in 1843, Les Monuments egyptiens, fol. 1847, to complement Champollion's work; Oriental Album. Characters, costumes and modes of life in the Valley of the Nile illustrated from designs taken on the spot by E. Prisse, with descriptive letter-press by James Augustus St. John, 1848-51; Atlas de l'histoire de l'art egyptien, d'apris les monuments, depuis les temps les plus reculesjusqu'a la domination romaine, atlas in 2 vols. fol. 1858-77, reprint, 1991; L'Art arabe, d'apres les monuments du Caire, depuis le Me siecle jusqu'a la fin du XVIIIe siecle, 3 vols. fol. 1867-79. He died in Paris, 10 Jan. 1879.

Russian Egyptologist; he was born in St. Petersburg, 30 January 1856, son of Semion Vasilievitch G., a merchant, and Sophia Gavrilovna; he visited Egypt no fewer than 60 times and brought back a rich collection of antiquities which he sold in 1909 to the Moscow Museum thereby much enlarging it; after the Revolution he never returned to Russia, but resided in Nice; he was for some time employed in cataloguing the hieratic papyri in the Cairo Museum; Professor of Egyptology at the University of Cairo 1924-29; he published his first article in 1874, and his first important work in on the Metternich stela, 1877; in cuneiform studies he also published Vingt-quatre tablettes cappadociennes, 1891, in which he made important contributions to the study of these documents; his name is today associated with many important papyri: the literary papryi and the Story of the Shipwrecked Sailor, now in the Hermitage Museum, and the Mathematical Papyrus, the Hymns to the Diadem, the Story of Wenamun, and other texts in Moscow; he published articles and studies on Wenamun, The Teaching of King Merikare, the Prophecy of the Priest Nefer-rehu, etc; his Glossary (the Onomasticon) formed the basis for Gardiner's Anc. Egyptian Onomastica; his main works were, Die Metternich stele in der Originalgrösse zum erstan Male herausgegeben, 1877; Ermitahe Imperial, Inventaire de la collection égyptienne, 1891; Le Conte du Naufragé, 1912; Les Papyrus Hiératiques, no. 1115, 1116A et 1116B de l'Ermitage Impérial..., 1913; he died in Nice, 5 August 1947.

French architect and archaeologist. Born, Cairo 1874. Died, Cairo 1952. Trained at the national school of Arts et Métiers, Aix-en-Provence. Involved in the restoration and clearance of the Great Sphinx. Worked at many sites including Giza, Saqqara, Maidum, Abydos, Ashmunein, Kharga Oasis, Dendera, and Thebes where he worked in the Valley of the Kings, the Ramesseum, the Ptolemaic temple at Deir el-Medina, and especially the temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahri (Deir el-Bahari), Thebes. Also cleared parts of the Luxor temple and was involved in the Nubian temples salvage campaign.

British Egyptologist. Born, Eltham 1879. Died, Oxford 1963. Educated at Charterhouse, then studied Classics, Hebrew and Arabic at The Queen's College, Oxford. Worked with A. Erman on the preparation of material for the Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache and was sub-editor 1906-8. Laycock Studentship, Worcester College, Oxford, 1906-12. Edited many Egyptological publications, including the Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. Published extensively in the field of Egyptology. Honorary Secretary of the Egypt Exploration Society, 1917-20, Vice President and then President, 1959-63. He was awarded many distinctions during his career. Specialized in hieratic texts on papyri and ostraca. Gardiner published the 1st edition of his Egyptian Grammar in 1927, which is still one of the essential learning aids for Middle Egyptian. Gardiner was also a member of the Tutankhamun excavation team, recording inscriptions from objects found in the tomb during the first few seasons.

British author and Egyptologist. Born, London 1831. Died, Westbury-on-Trym 1892. Displayed an early talent for writing, drawing, and opera singing. She pursued a career in journalism, wrote several novels, and also edited art and history publications. During this time she fostered a great interest in Egyptology, which led to her studying hieroglyphs. She visited Egypt in 1873-4, after which she wrote her most renowned publication A Thousand Miles Up the Nile (1877). She founded the Egypt Exploration Fund along with R. S. Poole and Sir E. Wilson, its aim being to excavate and preserve monuments. She gave up all her other interests so that she could concentrate on being the EEF's Secretary and to publicize its cause. She wrote numerous articles including excavation reports. In her will she left provision for the establishment of the first chair of Egyptian archaeology in England, which was at University College London, its first holder being Flinders Petrie.

First (of four) daughter of Thomas Morton Duckett (1852-1922) and Sarah Annie Williams (1854-1922). She was born in Folkestone, Kent on 31 December 1875. She married Alexander Bell Filson Young in 1902, whom she divorced five years later. In 1914 she married the British archaeologist and photographer Harry Burton (1879-1940). Neither Harry nor Minnie had children from either of their marriages. She died in Florence (Italy) on 30 May 1957. Her grave is located in the Allori Cemetery, where her parents are also buried.