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Dodgson, Aquila

  • Personne
  • 1829-1919

British congregational minister; he was born in Elland, Yorkshire, 9 Sept. 1829 and baptized in Halifax, 6 Dec. 1829, son of Joshua D., a dyer, and his wife Hannah; he became a minister in Hull, but resigned in 1870 owing to the failure of his voice, becoming a cotton-spinner at Ashton-under-Lyne; he was very interested in Egyptology and arranged lectures by Amelia Edwards and Petrie, and raised funds for the promotion of Egyptology in Manchester; he retired in 1891, and in the winter 1891-2 visited Egypt, spending some time with Petrie at Amarna; he later lived in Leeds and arranged the coins in the museum there; he was also interested in astronomy and built an observatory in his garden; Dodgson's name is associated with an important Demotic papyrus obtained in Egypt in 1881 by the Revd Elkanah Armitage and published by Griffith, PSBA 31. 100, 289; it was presented by his family to the Ashmolean Museum in 1932; another Dodgson papyrus is in Melbourne; his correspondence is in the Griffith Institute, Oxford; he died in Headingley, Leeds, 10 Aug. 1919.

Cooper, (Revd) Basil Henry

  • Personne
  • 1819-1891

British orientalist and Congregationalist minister; he was born at Cookham, Berkshire 29 June 1819, son of Basil Henry C., a solicitor, and his wife Harriet; he was educated at Highbury College, 1840-3 and the University of London,BA; he served as a minister in West Bromwich, 1843-52, London, 1853-64, Paris, 1865, and Torquay, 1867-8; he was a Foundation member of the Soc. of Biblical Archaeology; FRSL, 1878; he was very interested in Egyptology and a correspondent of Edward Hincks; he published articles on the Exodus, the antiquity of metal-working in Egypt and on Mariette's discoveries; he acted as reporter for The Times at the Congress of Orientalists in 1874; he died at Cane Hill Asylum, Purley, Surrey, 5 May 1891.

Bracci, Pietro

  • Personne
  • 1700-1773

Italian late Baroque sculptor. Born, Rome 1700. Died, Rome 1773. Among his most prominent works are the colossal Oceanus (or Neptune) of the Trevi Fountain and the sculptures of four funerary monuments in Rome: the tomb of Pope Benedict XIII in the Basilica of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, the tomb of Pope Benedict XIV in the Basilica of Saint Peter, the tomb of Maria Clementina Sobieski, wife of ‘The Old Pretender’ James Francis Edward Stuart, also in the Vatican, and the tomb of Cardinal Giuseppe Renato Imperiali in the Basilica of Sant’Agostino. He is also renowned for a group of busts and a significant number of drawings which are now dispersed among numerous museums and collections around the world, including the Canadian Centre for Architecture and the Musée des Beaux-Arts, both in Montreal, and the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. According to historical inventories, he was also author of several manuscripts, most of them now lost, on a variety of subjects, including architecture, military engineering and sundials.

Blyth, Evelyn

  • Personne
  • ?-?

Daughter of Rt Rev George Francis Popham Blyth DD, Anglican Bishop of Jerusalem from 1887 to 1914.

Sayce, (Revd) Archibald Henry

  • Personne
  • 1845-1933

British Assyriologist. Born, Shirehampton 1845. Died, Bath 1933. Educated at Grosvenor College, Bath, then Queen's College, Oxford. Hibbert Lecturer, 1887. Gifford Lecturer, 1900-2. Professor of Assyriology, 1891-1919. Rhind Lecturer, 1906. Huxley Lecturer, 1906. D.Litt. LL.D. DD. Specialised in Carian and Hittite languages, as well as Assyrian and West Asian archaeology and philology. Also worked in Egypt copying inscriptions, etc.

Linant de Bellefonds, (Bey and Pasha) Louis Maurice Adolphe

  • Personne
  • 1799-1883

French geographer, explorer, artist, and engineer. Born, Lorient 1799. Died, Cairo 1883. Initially trained with the intention of serving in the Navy, and after passing the necessary exam in 1814, he was sent to help with the charting and surveying of the Canadian and USA coastlines in 1815. He then accompanied A. Come de Forbin on a expedition to the Near East, 1817. This led in 1817 to a opportunity to make maps and drawings in Egypt required for various publications. Whilst in Cairo, he was engaged by Muhammad Ali. Then from 1819-22 he was employed by W. Bankes to accompany him as a draughtsman on several expeditions which ventured as south as Meroe, Musauwarat el-Sofra and Naga, giving him the distinction of being the first European to see these sites. He travelled even further south for the Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior Parts of Africa. Assisted J. F. Champollion in 1828. Published several maps of Egypt. Later he used his skills for the planning of irrigation projects and was heavily involved with the construction of the Suez Canal.

Kahle, Paul Eric

  • Personne
  • 1923-1955

British Coptologist. Born, Bonn 1923. Died, Charlbury, Oxon 1955. Lady Wallis Budge Fellow, University College, at the time of his death. MA. D.Phil. Published material relating to the monastery of Deir el-Balaizah.

Jelf, Charles Gordon

  • Personne
  • 1886-1915

British Egyptologist and journalist. Born, Rochester 1886. Killed in action near Loos (between Vermelles and Hulloch), 1915. Foundation Scholar, Marlborough. Won an open scholarship to Exeter College, Oxford in 1905, completing his BA degree in 1909 with a Second Class in both Moderations and Literae Humaniores. Attached to the Department of Antiquities in Egypt, serving under A. E. P. Weigall for seven months in 1909. Assistant master, Fonthill School, East Grinstead, 1910-11. Assistant correspondent for The Times, based in Berlin, 1911-15. Volunteered at the beginning of World War I, as a commissioned officer he was appointed Second Lieutenant in the 6th Battalion of The Buffs (East Kent Regiment), 1915.

Hay, Robert

  • Personne
  • 1799-1863

British traveller, antiquarian, and collector. Born, Duns Castle, Berwickshire 1799. Died, Amisfield House, East Lothian 1863. Began a career as a midshipman, and whilst employed as such, visited Alexandria in 1818. In 1819 he unexpectedly inherited the family estate of Linplum following the death of his elder brother. With resources now at his disposal he was able to indulge in his passion for travelling, and spent much time in the Middle East, visiting Egypt in 1824-8 and 1829-34. He was accompanied at various times by several eminent artists, including F. V. J. Arundale, J. Bonomi, O. B. Carter, F. Catherwood, A. Dupuy, G. A. Hoskins, E. W. Lane, and C. Laver. He published Illustrations of Cairo (1840), which contained lithographs of his own drawings and well of those artists he travelled with, but the book made a huge loss due to poor sales, which subsequently curtailed Hay's ambitions to publish more of his work.

Griffith, Kate

  • Personne
  • 1854-1902

British archaeologist; she was born at Ashton-under-Lyne, 26 Aug. 1854, daughter of Charles Timothy Bradbury, a wealthy businessman, and Elizabeth Ann Tomlins; she was a friend of Amelia Edwards, whom she accompanied to America in 1890; she assisted in the early work of the EEF, rendering great assistance and serving for many years on the committee; she married in 1896 F.L.I. Griffith; a settlement made by her father enabled her husband to devote the whole of his time to Egyptology and provided the basis of the endowment which he later bequeathed to the University of Oxford; she translated two of Wiedemann's books on Egyptian religion into English (1896-7) and took an active part in her husband's scientific works and publications; she died in Silverdale near Carnforth, Lancs, 2 March 1902.

Gleyre, (Marc) Charles Gabriel

  • Personne
  • 1806-1874

Swiss artist. Born, Chevilly, Vaud 1806. Died, Paris 1874. Studied art in Paris from 1825. Whilst in Italy, was engaged by John Lowell, Jr., an American traveller, to accompany him as artist on his excursions in the Levant in 1834-5.

Edwards, Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen

  • Personne
  • 1909-1996

British Egyptologist. Born, London 1909. Died, London 1996. Educated at Merchant Taylor's school, where he studied Biblical Hebrew, then at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where he read Arabic and Hebrew, graduating in 1933. Awarded the William Wright studentship in Arabic in 1932. Appointed Assistant Keeper in the Department of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities at the British Museum, taking up the position in 1934. He studied Egyptian under Glanville during his first few years in the Department. He published Hieroglyphic Texts from Egyptian Stelae, etc., viii in 1939. Elected Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1942, the year he was called up for military service. The first edition of The Pyramids of Egypt was published in 1947 and was reprinted many times. Appointed Keeper of the new department of Egyptian Antiquities in 1955. Made a Fellow of the British Academy in 1962, and awarded the CBE in 1968 for his services to the British Museum. He was instrumental in arranging the Tutankhamun exhibition at the British Museum in 1972. Was involved in the UNESCO rescue of the Philae Temples after his retirement from the Museum in 1974.

Clark, Robert Thomas Rundle

  • Personne
  • 1909-1970

British historian and Egyptologist. Born, Devonport 1909. Died, Birmingham 1970. Educated at Plymouth College, then St John's College, Oxford, 1928-31. Employed by Department of Extramural Studies, University of Birmingham, rising from tutor to Deputy Director, 1941-1961. Initiated course at the University in hieroglyphs, and also taught Egyptology at the Department of Ancient History. Specialised in Egyptian religion.

Clère, Jacques Jean

  • Personne
  • 1906-1989

French Egyptologist. Born, Paris 1906. Died, Paris 1989. Trained as an artist at the École Bernard Palissy and the École des Arts Decoratifs. First started studying Egyptology with Henri Sottas at the École Pratique des Hautes Études, 1924. Student, École du Louvre, 1925. Worked with Bruyère at Deir el-Medîna, and then with Bisson de la Roque at Madâmûd. Studied Egyptian language with Moret, Weill, and Sethe. Qualified in the history of religion, phonetics, Latin, Hebrew, Arabic, and Berber. Director d'Études at the École Pratique des Hautes Études, 1949. Visiting Professor, Brown University, 1951-2 and 1960-1. Wilbour Fellow, Brooklyn Museum, 1967. Published many linguistic articles as well as several monographs.

Brunton, Winifred Mabel

  • Personne
  • 1880-1959

British artist. Born, 1880. Died, Clocolan, Orange Free State, South Africa 1959. Married Guy Brunton in 1906. Produced water colour illustrations for her own publications, as well as for her husband's excavation reports.

Barry, (Sir) Charles

  • Personne
  • 1795-1860

British architect. Born, Westminster 1795. Died, Clapham 1860. In a distinguished career he was most famous for designing the Houses of Parliament. Somers Clarke was numbered amongst his pupils. Met Mr D. Baillie when visiting Greece and Turkey in 1817, and was invited to accompany him on a tour of Egypt and Palestine, and thus became the first English architect to record monuments in Egypt. They followed the Nile up beyond Philae; Barry left graffiti on many monuments during his time there.

Quibell, James Edward

  • Personne
  • 1867-1935

British Egyptologist; he was born in Newport, Shropshire, 11 Nov. 1867, son of John Q. and Catherine Susannah Smith; he graduated at Christ Church, Oxford, after which he assisted Petrie on a number of his excavations; he was at Coptos, 1893, a site which first opened up the history of Egypt as far back as the First Dynasty, and the following year went to Naqada and Ballas which produced the first and probably the greatest collection of predynastic material ever discovered and also revealed new vistas in the story of Egypt; Quibell is said to have been the first person to recognize, although not publicly to state, that the remains found at Ballas were predynastic, not New Race of the First Intermediate Period; thorough training under Petrie had made him the best-equipped excavator of early sites at that time, and he next excavated the town and area of Hierakonpolis for the ERA with results which are famous in the annals of Egyptian archaeology; with Green and Somers Clarke he discovered the `Main Deposit' containing the Narmer palette, many carved mace-heads and ivories and other important proto-dynastic objects, and in the remains of an early temple the archaic statuettes of King Khasekhem etc.; he cleared the area of the Ramesseum, a very different kind of work, finding important Middle Kingdom papyri and a wealth of inscribed material such as jar sealings; he was appointed to the staff of the Antiquities Service and worked on the Cairo Cat. 1899, becoming Inspector in Chief of Antiquities in the Delta and Middle Egypt, 1899-1904 and Luxor 1904-5; at Luxor he discovered the tomb of Yuia and Tuiu, 1905; on becoming Chief Inspector at Saqqara in 1905 he excavated the magnificent monastery of St. Jeremias, many archaic mastabas, and a very great quantity of Early Dynastic cemetery material, notably the tomb of Hesire; this work went on for many years and gained the Egyptian Museum, Cairo a wealth of fine objects of all periods; in all this work he was assisted by his very able wife, Annie A. Quibell who made copies in outline and colour for his publications; from 1 Jan. 1914 to 1923 he served as Keeper of the Egyptian Museum and during this time greatly improved its decoration and installation; he was appointed Secretary-General of the Antiquities Dept., 1923 and retired, 1 April 1925; in fact he continued to work and carried out further excavations at first as assistant to Firth who had succeeded him at Saqqara, then after 1931 as director on the Step Pyramid site; this was his largest excavation although not the one which is best known, and involved the recovery and restoration of an immense number of objects; Quibell continued the work of Petrie successfully and refined it, improving the standard of publications throughout his career; he contributed to or else wrote no fewer than 18 quarto vols. in all; Naqada, with W. M. F. Petrie, 1895; Ballas, with chapters by W. M. F. P., 1896; El Kab, with Somers Clarke and J. J. Tylor, 1898; The Ramesseum, with W. Spiegelberg, 1898; Hierakonpolis, 2 vols., with W. M. F. P. and F. W. Green, 1900-2; Archaic Objects, 2 vols., Cairo Cat., 1904-5; The Tomb of Yuaa and Thuiu, Cairo Cat., 1908; Excavations at Saqqara, (1905-6), (1906-7) with a section of religious texts by P. Lacau, (1907-8) and other sections by Sir Herbert Thompson and W. Spiegelberg, 3 vols. 1908-9; The Monastery of Apa Jeremias: the Coptic inscriptions edited by Sir Herbert Thompson, 2 vols. 1912; Excavations at Saqqara 1911-12. The Tomb of Hesy, 1913; Excavations at Saqqara 1912-14. Archaic Mastabas, 1923; Teti Pyramid north side, with A. G. K. Hayter, 1927; The Step Pyramid, with C. M. Firth and J. P. Lauer, 2 vols. 1935; part of his archive passed to Varille and then to the Universita degli Studi in Milan; he died in Hertford, 5 June 1935.

Lloyd, George

  • Personne
  • 1815-1843

British botanist, excavator and traveller. He was probably born in India on 17 October 1815, the illegitimate son of Sir William L. of Brynestyn, a Welsh soldier and pioneer mountaineer, and an Indian lady. Lloyd was a member of the Cairo Literary Society and excavated at Thebes with Émile Prisse d'Avennes between 1839 and 1843. He died aged 27 in an accident at Qurna on 10 October 1843. His papers and botanical collections were given to the Botanical Garden of Montpellier.

Faulkner, Raymond Oliver

  • Personne
  • 1894-1982

British Egyptologist; he was born in Shoreham, Sussex, 26 Dec. 1894, son of Frederick Arthur F., a bank clerk, and Matilda Elizabeth Wheeler; he entered the Civil Service in 1912; he served briefly in World War I before being invalided out and rejoined the Civil Service in 1916; his interest in Egyptology led him in 1918 to study hieroglyphs in his spare time at University College London under Margaret Murray; in 1926 he became a fill-time assistant to (Sir) Alan Gardiner; he collaborated with Gardiner on his major publications in the autography of the hieroglyphic texts, the commentaries, and the indexes notably for The Wilbour Papyrus and Ancient Egyptian Onomastica; he received his training in Egyptian philology from Gardiner who encouraged his independent publications; he became an assistant in language teaching at University College, London 1951; lecturer in Egyptian language 1954-67; FSA 1950; DLitt from London University 1960; editor of JEA 1946-59; his main area of interest was Egyptian philology in which he made major contributions with his Middle Egyptian dictionary and translations of many important texts; his numerous publications include The Plural and Dual in Old Egyptian, 1929; The Papyrus Bremner-Rhind, 1933; A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, 1962, 2nd ed. 1972; Egypt: From the Inception of the Nineteenth Dynasty to the Death of Ramesses III, 1966 for the Cambridge Ancient History; The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, 1969; Catalogue of Egyptian Antiquities in the British Museum,II Wooden Model Boats, 1972, with S. Glanville; The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts, 3 vols. 1972-8; The Literature of Ancient Egypt, 1973,with E. Wente, and W. K. Simpson; The Book of the Dead, 1972; he also wrote many articles and reviews; he died in Ipswich, Suffolk, 3 March 1982.

Wellcome, (Sir) Henry Solomon

  • Personne
  • 1853-1936

British manufacturing chemist of American origin; patron of science and amateur archaeologist; he was born in a log cabin at Almond, Wisconsin, 21 Aug. 1835, son of the Revd Solomon Cummings W., farmer and missionary, and Mary Curtis; he was educated at frontier schools, and then qualified at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy; he was apprenticed to several American firms, and at this period explored the cinchona forests of Peru and Ecuador; in 1885 he was awarded the Royal Humane Soc. Medal for life-saving; Wellcome came to England in 1880 and with the American S. M. Burroughs founded the firm of Burroughs, Wellcome Co., chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturers; he became sole owner after 1895; he founded the Physiological Research Laboratories, 1894, and chemical research laboratories, 1896; also the tropical research laboratories at Khartoum, 1901, and the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum, 1913; he left nearly all his great wealth to these and other institutions through the Wellcome Foundation; FRS, 1932; knighted 1932; LLD Edinburgh; DSc; Hon. FRCS Eng.; Officer of the Legion d'honneur, 1936; in 1901 he married Gwendoline Maude Syrie, daughter of Thomas Barnardo; he divorced her in 1916 and she married the novelist Somerset Maugham; he was naturalized British, 1910; his interest in exploration seems to have been encouraged by his friendship with H. M. Stanley, and he conducted Archaeological and Ethnological expeditions in the Upper Nile regions of the Sudan, 1901, himself directing excavations at a late neolithic site at Gebel Moya, and employing others to dig for him elsewhere; in all he excavated four sites in the Fung area, Gebel Moya, Abu Geili, Sequadi and Dar el-Melik, 1910-14; the enormous labour force, 500 men rising to 3,000 at times, made for staff difficulties in supervision, and a huge amount of archaeological material was brought back to England and stored in depots and warehouses at Dartford, Marylebone, Stanmore and Willesden; to this material must be added further collections that he acquired by purchase which related to areas outside the Nile valley; he was a pioneer of aerial photography both for exploration and surveying archaeological sites, and used kites with aerial cameras attached in his work; between the 1890s and his death in 1936 he formed an enormous collection of objects, books, and manuscripts on medical, anthropological, and social topics, which formed the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum, partly dispersed after his death; this contained a very valuable and large collection of Egyptian antiquities, much material deriving from excavations supported by Wellcome and includes a substantial number of objects from the EES excavations at El-Amarna and Armant, and from Garstang's work at Meroe; he also purchased a considerable number of items at the sale of the MacGregor Collection in 1922 and other sales of this period such as those of the Rustafjaell, Meux, and Hilton Price collections; much of this was presented by his Trustees to University College London in Nov. 1964, to be incorporated in the Petrie Collection; other portions of his Egyptological collections were distributed to the British Museum and other British museums, including Durham, Swansea, Birmingham and Bolton; some papers are in the Griffith Institute, Oxford; he died in London, 25 July 1936.

Weigall, Arthur Edward Pearse Brome

  • Personne
  • 1880-1934

British Egyptologist and author; born St Helier, Jersey, 20 Nov. 1880, son of Major Arthur Archibald Denny W. and Alice Cowan. he was educated at Hillside School, Malvern, and Wellington College; he entered New College, Oxford, 1900, but left after a short residence to become assistant to Flinders Petrie on the staff of the EEF, 1901; he married twice, first Hortense Schleiter of Chicago, second Muriel Frances Lillie of Hillsborough, Co. Down; he was Inspector-General of Antiquities for the Egyptian Government, 1905-14; he was closely associated with excavations in the Theban Necropolis carried out by Sir Robert Mond, and also with those of Theodore Davis in the Valley of Kings; he was an efficient and
energetic official and for the first time probably since Pharaonic times the tombs and temples of Western Thebes became well ordered and properly conserved; he initiated the numbering of the Tombs of the Nobles now in general use, and assisted in their opening up and restoration; with A. H. Gardiner he produced the Topographical Catalogue of the Private Tombs of Thebes later supplemented by Engelbach; his later popular works are better known but were often written in haste; his later life was that of a writer and journalist, and a scene designer, and shows a very individualistic stamp; for his archaeological work Weigall was awarded the Cross 4th Class Red Eagle, Germany, Officer's Cross of Franz Joseph, Austria, 3rd Class Medjidieh, Egypt; he published many works serious and popular, see Abydos I, in part, 1902; Abydos III, 1904; A Report on the Antiquities of Lower .Nubia, 1907; A Catalogue of the Weights and Balances in the Cairo Museum, 1908; Travels in the Upper Egyptian Deserts, 1909; A Guide to the Antiquities of Upper Egypt, 1910, like Baikie's a very useful book for the tourist; The Life of Akhenaten, Pharaoh of Egypt, 1910, rev. 1922; The Treasury of Ancient Egypt, 1911; A Topographical Catalogue of the Tombs of Thebes, with A. H. Gardiner, 1913; The Life of Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, 1914, rev. 1924; Egypt from 1798 to 1914, 1915; The Glory of the Pharaohs, 1923; Tutankhamen and other Essays, 1923; Ancient Egyptian Works of Art, 1924; A History of the Pharaohs, vol.i, 1925, vol. ii, 1926, never completed, a work of great originality and very well written, but marred by the author's individual approach to certain philological and historical matters, and displaying considerable arrogance towards other contemporary Egyptologists; at this stage of his career Weigall's writing became more general with works such as Flights into Antiquity, 1928, Sappho, 1932, and Laura Was My Camel, 1933; but he produced a final Egyptological book A Short History of Ancient Egypt, 1934; he died in London, 2 Jan. 1934.

Rhoné, Arthur

  • Personne
  • 1836-1910

French author and traveller; he was a close friend of Mariette and frequently accompanied him on his tours of inspection in Upper Egypt, as he also did with Maspero; he thus made many journeys between 1865 and 1882; in 1881 he was attached to the Mission Arch. in Cairo; he contributed many accounts of discoveries in Egypt to the Gaz. des Beaux Arts, le Temps, Mag. Pittoresque, etc., and published a travel book, L'Egypte a petites journies, which enjoyed great popularity, running to several editions; his correspondence is in the Griffith Institute, Oxford; he died 7 June 1910.

Nibbi, Alessandra

  • Personne
  • 1923-2007

British-Italian orientalist; she was born in Porto-San-Giorgio, Italy, 30 June 1923, daughter of Gino N., an artist, journalist, and art dealer, and Elvira Petrelli; she was brought up in Australia and attended the University of Melbourne and taught at the University of Sydney; she then returned to Italy to finish her education at the University of Perugia where she studied archaeology and the University of Florence; Dr. Letters, 1965; she settled in Oxford and devoted her considerable energy to Egyptological studies; she published numerous articles, pamphlets, and books espousing unorthodox views on Asiatic settlements and the Delta region; she encouraged excavation in the Delta al though the results often disproved her theories; she also wrote on technical subjects including anchors, bellows, and shields; she was the founder and editor of Discussions in Egyptology in 1985; she died in Oxford, 15 Jan. 2007.

MacKay, Ernest John Henry

  • Personne
  • 1880-1943

British archaeologist; he was born Bristol, 5 July 1880, son of Richard Cockrill M. and Mary Dermott Thomas; he was educated at Bristol Grammar School and the University of Bristol; MA; D.Litt.; FSA; he married Dorothy Mary Simmons, 1912; he assisted in excavations in Egypt, 1907-12, receiving training in field work under Petrie and contributing to the publications of the British School; he was engaged on excavations and the photographic survey of the Theban Tombs, 1913-16; in 1913 he loaned his collection of Egyptian antiquities to the Bristol City Museum, selling it to the museum in 1919; he served during the First World War as a Capt. in the RASC, 1916-19, in Egypt and Palestine; Member of the Army Commission for the Survey of Ancient Monuments in Palestine and Syria, 1919-20; he was then appointed Custodian of Antiquities by the Palestine Govt., 1919-22; he was Field Director of the Oxford University and Field Museum, Chicago, Archaeological Expedition to Mesopotamia, 1922-6; at this time he also directed the excavations at Bahrain on the Persian Gulf for the BSAE, 1925; he became Special Officer for Exploration for the Archaeological Survey of India, 1926-31; he then was appointed Director of the Expedition of the American School of Indic and Iranian Studies and the Boston Museum of Fine Arts to Chandhu-daro, India, 1935-6; Mackay began his archaeological work in Egypt, but he later moved into Palestine and Iraq where he made important discoveries on early Sumerian sites; it is, however, his work in India for which he is best known, for with Sir John Marshall he was one of the founders and initiators of work on the Indus valley civilization; in Egyptology he was part author of Heliopolis, KO Ammar and Shurafa, with W. M. F. Petrie, 1915; City of Shepherd Kings and Ancient Gaza V, with M. A. Murray, Petrie, and others, 1952; he also wrote, The A 'Cemetery at Kish, 1925; A Sumerian palace and the A' Cemetery at Kish, 1926; Excavations at Jemdet Nasr, Iraq, 1930; Moheryadaro, and the Indus Civilization, with Sir J. Marshall and others, 1931; The Indus Civilization, 1935; Further Excavations at Mohenjodaro (1927-31), 1938; Chandu-daro Excavations, 1941; in addition he published numerous articles in journals, such as AE to which he contributed reviews; he died in London, 2 Oct. 1943.

Lee, John

  • Personne
  • 1783-1866

British ecclesiastical lawyer, antiquarian, and patron of science; he was born at Totteridge, Herts., 28 April 1783, son of John Fiott and Harriet Lee; he graduated from St. John's College, Cambridge; MA, 1809; LLD, 1816; his name was Fiott, but he changed it by royal licence on inheriting from the Revd Sir George Lee, Bart., the estate of Hartwell, Bucks., and other estates elsewhere, 1815; he studied law and was admitted to the Coll. of Advocates, of which he was librarian and Treasurer; he practised in the Ecclesiastical Courts and at the age of 80 was admitted Barrister, Gray's Inn, becoming Bencher and QC the following year; he married 1. Cecilia Rutter, 1833 (11854), 2. Louisa Catherine Heath, 1855; he took great interest in the promotion of science and archaeology all his life, and was a generous patron, forming an extensive library and museum at his seat at Hartwell; he had a rich collection of Egyptian antiquities, many of which he had ,bought at the Barker, Lavoratori, Burton, and Athanasi sales; others he acquired during a visit to Egypt in 1807-10; a printed catalogue of the Egyptian collection, by Bonomi, was issued in 1858; after his death, most of the Egyptian collection was bought by Lord Amherst, his library and MSS were sold at Sotheby's, 1876, and collections of deeds, etc., 8 March 1939; some of the geological specimens and some minor Egyptian pieces are now in the Buckinghamshire County Museum, Aylesbury, while other geological specimens are in the Natural History Museum, London. the MS, registers of Lee's Museum in 4 vols. folio are also at Aylesbury; he was foundation member of the Royal Astron. Soc., 1820, President, 1862; FRS, 1831; FSA, 1828; scientific meetings were held at his house and out of these grew the Meteorological Soc., the Syro-Egyptian Soc., the Anglo-Biblical Soc., the Palestine Arch. Assn., and the Chronological Institute; the last four.were dissolved in 1872 and merged in the Soc. of Biblical Arch.; Lee's name is associated with a judicial papyrus which passed into Lord Amherst's coll. and is now in the Pierpont Morgan Library, NY; some of his papers are in the Griffith Institute, Oxford; Lee died, in Hartwell, 25 Feb. 1866.

Hess von Wyss, Jean-Jacques

  • Personne
  • 1866-1949

Swiss Egyptologist; he was born in Freiburg, 11 Jan. 1866, son of Casimir Balthasar Jacob H. and Maria Josefina Rudolf; he was educated at the Humboldt University Berlin, studying Egyptology under Brugsch and at the University of Strassburg where he received his doctorate; he was appointed Professor at Freiburg, 1889¬1908; he travelled in Egypt, 1896-1900 and in Egypt and NW Arabia, 1908-13; Professor Extraordinary of Oriental Languages, Zurich, 1918; he retired in 1936 with the title of Hon. Professor; he published an edition of the London-Leiden Demotic papyrus, and the Demotic stories of Khaemwese, but in his later years he concentrated on Arabic; Der demotische Roman von Stne Ha-m-us: Text, Uebersetzung, Commentar und Glossar, etc., 1888; Die gnostische Papyrus von London: Einleitung Text und Demotisch-Deutsches Glossar, 1892; Der demotische Teil der dreisprachigen Inschrift von Rosette, 1902; his notebooks and papers are in the Griffith Institute, Oxford; he died in Zurich, 29 April 1949.

Glanville, Stephen Ranulph Kingdon

  • Personne
  • 1900-1956

British Egyptologist; he was born Westminster, 26 April 1900, son of Stephen James G., deputy editor of the Daily Telegraph, and Elizabeth, daughter of Francis Kingdon; he was educated at Marlborough College and Lincoln College, Oxford where he was a Modern History Scholar, Lit. Hum. and BA, 1922; MA, 1926; he was later Laycock Student of Egyptology, Worcester College, Oxford, 1929¬35; he first visited Egypt as an assistant master in the Egyptian Government Service, 1922, and his enthusiasm for Egyptology having been aroused he joined the EES expedition to Amarna, 1923; he also studied the language under Griffith; he was appointed Assistant in the Dept. of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities, British Museum, 1924; he later became Reader in 1933-5 and then Edwards Professor of Egyptology at University College London; he was elected a Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, 1946-54; he excavated at Amarna, 1925, and Armant, 1928, for the EES, was its Hon. Secretary, 1928-31 and 1933-6, and its Chairman of Committee, 1951-6; he served in the RAF (Air Staff) in the Second World War; Herbert Thompson Professor of Egyptology in the University of Cambridge, 1946-56; Hon. Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford; Master of the Grocers' Company, 1953; Provost of King's College, Cambridge, 1954-6, the first non-Cambridge man to be so elected in 500 years; MA, FBA, FSA; he married 1925, Ethel Mary daughter of J. B. Chubb; he contributed to The Mural Painting of El-Amameh, 1929; published Daily Life in Ancient Egypt, 1930; edited Studies Presented to F.Ll. Griffith, 1932; The Egyptians (for children), 1933; Catalogue of Demotic Papyri in the British Museum, i. 1939; ed. The Legacy of Egypt, 1942; The Growth and Nature of Egyptology, 1947; `Notes on a demotic papyrus from Thebes (B.M. 10026)' in Essays and Studies presented to S. A. Cook, 1950; Catalogue of Demotic Papyri in the British Museum II; The Instructions of Onchsheshonklzy, pt. i, 1955; also articles in the JEA, Br. Mus. Quarterly, etc.; he died in Cambridge, 26 April 1956.

Gell, (Sir) William

  • Personne
  • 1777-1836

British classical archaeologist and traveller; he was born in Hopton, Derbyshire, 1 April 1777, son of Philip G. and Dorothy Milnes; he studied at Jesus College, Cambridge, BA, 1798; MA, 1804; Fellow of Emmanuel College; he studied art at the Royal Academy Schools; he visited the Troad, 1801, and published Topography of Troy, 1804; from 1804 he travelled for some years in Greece, publishing a number of works on the topography and antiquities of the area; he was sent on an archaeological mission to Ionia by the Society of Diletttanti, 1811-3; he was knighted in 1814; he accompanied Princess (later Queen) Caroline to Italy, 1814, and was at the centre of the scandals involving the queen at this time; from 1820 until his death he lived in Rome and Naples; he was very interested in the progress of hieroglyphic decipherment and corresponded with Young, Salt, and Champollion on the subject and encouraged Wilkinson to take up the study of Egyptian antiquities; FRS; FSA; he died in Naples, 4 Feb. 1836; three of his note-books on hieroglyphs are in the Griffith Institute.

Davies, Anna (Nina) Macpherson

  • Personne

British artist and copyist; born Salonika, 6 Jan. 1881, daughter of Cecil J. Cummings and Sarah Tannoch; she was trained at the Slade School of Art and the Royal College of Art under Walter Crane; her interest in Egypt was aroused when she visited Alexandria in 1906, and she married Norman de G. Davies the following year, with whom she was to record a great many Theban tombs; an excellent artist she went to great pains to reproduce colours as exactly as possible, and achieved remarkable results in the days before colour photography; she used egg tempera when making copies of scenes instead of merely water colours; in all she worked at Thebes for over thirty years, 1908-39; three of the five vols. of The Theban Tombs Series were entirely her work, the others had drawings by her husband as well, while Gardiner edited the series; Nina Davies also copied at Amarna, 1925-6, and at Beni Hasan, 1931-2; in 1923 Gardiner exhibited a collection of her copies at the Victoria and Albert Museum, and this was followed by the publication of two folio vols. of Ancient Egyptian Paintings, 1936; in 1954 a miniature Penguin edition of some of these was illustrated with small reproductions and had a text by the artist; in 1958 she published a series of paintings from originals in the British Museum and the Bankes Collection; she, with her husband, also helped Gardiner in selecting and making drawings of good representative hieroglyphs of the XVIIIth Dynasty to use in his hieroglyphic fount, and published Picture Writing in Ancient Egypt, 1958; she contributed a number of articles to the JEA and left two of her copies to the Egyptian Department of the British Museum and other copies together with a shabti figure to the Ashmolean Museum; her Egyptological books were bequeathed to the Griffith Institute and to the Pitt-Rivers Museum, Oxford; she died in Hinksey Hill, Berkshire, 21 April 1965.

Davies, Norman de Garis

  • Personne
  • 1865-1941

British Egyptologist; he was born Broughton, Lancashire 14 Sept. 1865, son of Revd James Dickerson Davies and Emma Mary de Garis; he entered Glasgow University, 1884, with a scholarship from Dr. Williams' Library, London; MA, 1889; BD, 1891; later postgraduate at Marburg Univ.; Hon. member of German Arch. Inst., 1928; Hon. MA, Oxon; he was Congregational Minister at Ashton-under-Lyne where he became acquainted with Miss Kate Bradbury (afterwards Mrs. F. Ll. Griffith) who interested him in Egyptology, which he began to study; he next went to Australia as a Unitarian Minister in Melbourne until 1898, when he joined Petrie at Dendera; during the following years he copied an enormous number of tombs for the Arch. Survey of the EEF: Sheikh Said, 1901, Der el-Gebrawi, 1902, and Amarna, 1903-8; these, together with five more tombs at Thebes were published in 10 vols. of the Arch. Survey memoirs, both text and plates being executed by Davies; the merit of this work was recognized by the award of the Leibniz medal of the Prussian Acad.; he also accompanied Breasted in his expedition to Nubia, and assisted Reisner at the pyramids; he married in 1907, Miss A. M. Cummings, herself an accomplished artist and a trained copyist; he then settled at Thebes and worked for many seasons copying tombs for the MMA, which were published in a series of sumptuous volumes; in addition to these larger works he made many contributions to JEA and other journals. He also published, The Mastaba of Ptahhetep and Akhethetep at Saqqarah, 2 vols. 1900-1; The Rock Tombs of Sheikh Said, 1901; The Rock Tombs of Deir el Gebrawi, 2 vols. 1902; The Rock Tombs of El Amarna, 6 vols. 1903-8; The Temple of Hibis in El Khargeh Oasis, pt. 3, ed. Ludlow Bull and Lindsley F. Hall, 1953; A Corpus of Inscribed Egyptian Funerary Cones, ed. M. F. Laming Macadam, pt. I, 1957. He died at The Copse, Hinksey Hill, Berkshire, 5 Nov. 1941.

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