British archaeologist; she was born at Ashton-under-Lyne, 26 Aug. 1854, daughter of Charles Timothy Bradbury, a wealthy businessman, and Elizabeth Ann Tomlins; she was a friend of Amelia Edwards, whom she accompanied to America in 1890; she assisted in the early work of the EEF, rendering great assistance and serving for many years on the committee; she married in 1896 F.L.I. Griffith; a settlement made by her father enabled her husband to devote the whole of his time to Egyptology and provided the basis of the endowment which he later bequeathed to the University of Oxford; she translated two of Wiedemann's books on Egyptian religion into English (1896-7) and took an active part in her husband's scientific works and publications; she died in Silverdale near Carnforth, Lancs, 2 March 1902.

British classicist and Egyptologist; he was born at Porth, Glamorgan, 7 Dec. 1911, son of Robert G., Baptist minister, and Jemima Davies; he studied classics at the Universities of Cardiff, Liverpool, and Oxford; he was appointed Assistant Lecturer in Classics, University College of Swansea 1946-47, Lecturer 1947-59, Senior Lecturer 1959¬65, Reader 1965-73, Professor of Classics and Egyptology 1973-79 and then Emeritus; visiting Professor at Cairo Univ 1968; he married 1939 Kathe Bosse; he was also active in the Welsh nationalist movement; a festschrift in his honour Studies in Pharaonic Religions and Society, ed. by A. B. Lloyd, was published in 1992; his principal interest was Ancient Egyptian religion and the Greek sources for it; he published The Conflict of Horus and Seth, 1960, translations of Plutarch's De Iside et Osiride 1970, and Apuleius' The Isis-book, 1975; The Origins of Osiris and his Cult, 1980, The Divine Verdict, 1991; Atlantis and Egypt, 1991; and Triads and Trinity, 1996; he died at Swansea, 15 June 2004.

British Egyptologist. Born, London 1883. Died, Oxford 1950. Studied hieroglyphs at University College, London, as a student of Margaret Murray. Assistant to Gardiner helping him with the lexicographical work on Onomastica. Excavated at various sites including Amarna, Haraga, and Saqqâra. Assistant Curator at the Egyptian Museum, Cairo in 1928-31. Curator of Egyptian Antiquities at the University Museum, Philadelphia, 1931-4. Professor of Egyptology, Oxford, 1934-50. Edited the Journal of Egyptian Archeology, 1934-40.

British Assyriologist (28 January 1911 - 11 January 2001). Shillito Reader in Assyriology, Oxford University, 1945-78; made Professor in 1965. Scholar of both Akkadian and Hittite. In 1948, he joined the council of management of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, and maintained his links with the Institute for the rest of his life, serving as President from 1982. From 1956 to 1996 he edited the Institute's journal, Anatolian Studies.

Egyptian Egyptologist; he was born in Salamun near Mansura, 18 April 1906, son of Habachi Ibrahim, a merchant, and his wife Mauna; he was educated at the Coptic School in Mansura and later at the Maronite School in Cairo; in 1924 he began the study of mathematics at Fuad I (later Cairo) University but transferred in 1925 to the Egyptology Section, BA, 1928; in 1930 he was appointed as an inspector in the Egyptian Antiquities Service; he held posts throughout the country at Aswan, 1930-2, Luxor, Cairo, Edfu, Fayum, Abydos, Sohag, Zagazig and Tanta; in 1944 he was appointed Chief Inspector of Upper Egypt until 1946, was at Saqqara, 1950-1, and was reassigned to Upper Egypt, 1951-58; in 1958 he was promoted to sub-director of field work which post he held until his resignation from the Service in August 1960; he was then appointed archaeological consultant of the Nubian expedition of the Oriental Institute of Chicago, December 1960-63; Labib Habachi was the leading Egyptian archaeologist of his generation and undertook excavations throughout Egypt notably at the Heqaib complex at Aswan, at Karnak where he discovered the Kamose stela, and at Bubastis and Qantir in the Delta; he travelled abroad extensively to visit collections in other museums and to deliver lectures which served to popularize Egyptology; he was chosen a member of the German Archaeological Institute, Berlin 1953, a member of the Institut d'Égypte in 1964, an honorary member of the Egyptological Institute of Charles University, Prague in 1965, and of the Société Française d'Égyptologie in 1983; he was awarded the State Prize of Egypt and the decoration First Class for Arts and Sciences in 1959, the Italian Order of Merit in 1973, the French Légion d'honneur 1979, and the Austrian Order of Merit 1980; on 1 May 1966 the honorary degree of doctor was conferred upon him by New York University; he was elected permanent Honorary President of the International Association for Coptic Studies, 1978; he married in 1961 Attiya Hanim Kamil Ayad (d. 1987); on his 75th birthday a Festschrift with articles by 70 Egyptologists was prepared in MDAIK 37; he himself wrote over 170 articles, books, and notes on Egyptological subjects; the most notable were Tell Basta, 1957; Features of the Deification of Ramesses II, 1969; The Second Kamose Stela and his Struggle against the Hyksos Ruler and his Capital, 1972; The Obelisks of Egypt, 1977; Tavole d'Offerta, Are e Bacili da Libagione, 1977; Le Tombeau de Nay à Gournet Murei (with P. Anus), 1977; Sixteen Studies on Lower Nubia, 1981; Untersuchungen im Totentempel Amenophis' III, with H. Ricke and G. Haeny, 1981; and Elephantine IV. The Sanctuary of Heqaib, 1985; Studies on the Middle Kingdom. Studia Aegyptiaca X, 1987; he died in Cairo, 18 February 1984 and was buried at Deir el-Moharreb near Luxor.

American draughtsman. Born, Portland OR, 1883. Died, Portland OR, 1969. Studied architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and in 1913 joined the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Egyptian Expedition as a draughtsman. Loaned by the Expedition to the Tutankhamun tomb excavation in 1922-1923.

American archaeologist and architect. Born, Middlefield MA, 1893. Died, New York NY, 1959. Trained as an architect at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and then joined the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Egyptian Expedition, mainly working at Deir el-Bahri and at Kharga Oasis. Loaned by the Expedition to the Tutankhamun tomb excavation in 1922-1923.

Born, Ripley, Surrey 1817. Died, 1892. Eldest son of Rear-Admiral Edward Hawker (1782-1860), of Ashford Lodge, near Petersfield, Hampshire. Adm. Pens. (aged 18) at Trinity College, Cambridge, 15th March 1836. BA, 1840. MA, 1845. Called to the Bar, 21st Nov. 1845. Married Marguerita, daughter of John Rennie. Travelled to Egypt and Nubia for health, 1850-2. Left graffiti with R. H. Borrowes at Semna and Kumma temples in January 1851.

British traveller, antiquarian, and collector. Born, Duns Castle, Berwickshire 1799. Died, Amisfield House, East Lothian 1863. Began a career as a midshipman, and whilst employed as such, visited Alexandria in 1818. In 1819 he unexpectedly inherited the family estate of Linplum following the death of his elder brother. With resources now at his disposal he was able to indulge in his passion for travelling, and spent much time in the Middle East, visiting Egypt in 1824-8 and 1829-34. He was accompanied at various times by several eminent artists, including F. V. J. Arundale, J. Bonomi, O. B. Carter, F. Catherwood, A. Dupuy, G. A. Hoskins, E. W. Lane, and C. Laver. He published Illustrations of Cairo (1840), which contained lithographs of his own drawings and well of those artists he travelled with, but the book made a huge loss due to poor sales, which subsequently curtailed Hay's ambitions to publish more of his work.

Surgeon and pharmacologist. Born, West Deeping, Lincs 1888. Died, London 1951. Educated at Winchester and New College Oxford; BA, 1911, MA, 1914. Then trained at University College Hospital. He served in the R.A.M.C. and the R.N.V.R. during the 1914-18 war, before returning to Oxford to complete his studies in pharmacology. In 1922 Heathcote was appointed as the first holder of the chair of pharmacology at the University of Cairo, a post he held until 1933. During his time in Egypt he travelled extensively, forming a notable collection of photographs of Egyptian antiquities. On his return to Britain he took up a post at the Welsh National School of Medicine at Cardiff, eventually becoming Professor of Pharmacology, a post he held until his death.

Swiss Egyptologist; he was born in Freiburg, 11 Jan. 1866, son of Casimir Balthasar Jacob H. and Maria Josefina Rudolf; he was educated at the Humboldt University Berlin, studying Egyptology under Brugsch and at the University of Strassburg where he received his doctorate; he was appointed Professor at Freiburg, 1889¬1908; he travelled in Egypt, 1896-1900 and in Egypt and NW Arabia, 1908-13; Professor Extraordinary of Oriental Languages, Zurich, 1918; he retired in 1936 with the title of Hon. Professor; he published an edition of the London-Leiden Demotic papyrus, and the Demotic stories of Khaemwese, but in his later years he concentrated on Arabic; Der demotische Roman von Stne Ha-m-us: Text, Uebersetzung, Commentar und Glossar, etc., 1888; Die gnostische Papyrus von London: Einleitung Text und Demotisch-Deutsches Glossar, 1892; Der demotische Teil der dreisprachigen Inschrift von Rosette, 1902; his notebooks and papers are in the Griffith Institute, Oxford; he died in Zurich, 29 April 1949.

Irish Egyptologist, Assyriologist, and clergyman. Born, Cork 1792. Died, Killyleagh 1866. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he studied Hebrew. BA, 1812. Jnr. Fellow, 1813. MA, 1817. Ordained priest, 1817. BD, 1823. DD, 1829. Rector of Ardtrea, 1819-25. Rector of Killyleagh, 1825-66. Contributed considerably to the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs and Babylonian cuneiform. Published many articles and books, including a Hebrew dictionary.

French architect. Born, Versailles 1801. Died, Paris 1872. Trained at École des Beaux-Arts, 1819-22. Worked on the plates for Cailliaud's publication Voyage à Meroé (1826-7). Visited Egypt and Nubia, 1839. Made mainly architectural drawings and paintings during his time there, some of which were reproduced in his Panorama d'Égypte et de Nubie (1841). Treasurer of the Société Asiatique, 1842. Horeau resumed his architectural career working in Paris and London. He won the best design for the Crystal Palace project in London, which in the event was not realised.

Son of Howard Douglas Horsfall and Emily Mabel Horsfall. He was born on 12 November 1890 at Mere Bank, Liverpool. He was educated at St Peter's court, Broadstairs, later spending 4 years at Eton where he was in Mt Impey's house. After an extended tour in Canada and the United States, he entered for a short time the service of the Bank of Liverpool, where he took the Bankers preliminary and final examinations, passing in all subjects with distinction in two consecutive years. He developed a taste for archaeology, and paid several visits to Egypt, where his knowledge of Arabic materially assisted his studies. Both there and in Mesopotamia he was associated with Professor Garstang in exploring expeditions, being with him at Meroe when the famous head of Augustus, now in the British museum, was found. Later he joined King's College, Cambridge; a brilliant paper was produced by him in the entrance examination upon the history of Egyptian slavery from the earliest times procuring for him the unusual distinction of admission to the University without being required to complete the preliminary examination. While at the University he took up boxing. Robert won the first prize in the College Long Vacation Essay, with an essay on "The Freedom of the Press From Milton to Corbett". But a promising scholarly career was cut short by the events of 1914. Immediately at the outbreak of the First World War, he enlisted and was assigned to the The King's Regiment (Liverpool), being appointed Captain of the 12th Battalion in June 1916. Shortly afterwards when reconnoitring at night, he has the misfortune through the collapse of a parapet, to impale himself on a broken bayonet. Later in the year he was invalided home with a broken fibula, which kept him for some time in the UK, later rejoining his old regiment for a short period of time, where he was much beloved by his brother officers, and the men. He was often entrusted with the work of liaison officer. He was killed in action in Cambrai (France) on 20 November 1917, aged 27.

British traveller, antiquary and amateur artist. Born, 1802. Died, Rome 1863. Visited Egypt in 1832-3 and 1860-1. Worked with Robert Hay at Qurna. Secretary and Treasurer of the White Nile Association, 1839. Published Travels in Ethiopia above the Second Cataract of the Nile (1835), Visit to the Great Oasis of the Libyan Desert (1837), and A Winter in Upper and Lower Egypt (1863).

Dutch Egyptologist; he was born in Utrecht, 15 June 1922, son of Jacobus Johannaes J. and Theodora Elselina Battenberg; he initially studied history and geography at the University of Utrecht and became a grammar school teacher; his interest in Egyptology led him to continue his studies in a one-to-one capacity with de Buck at the University of Leiden; PhD, 1961; he became Lecturer at the University of Leiden, 1970-79, and then Professor of Egyptology, 1979-83; he was editor of the Annual Egyptological Bibliography, 1970-83; he took early retirement to continue in his research work in London where in 1989 he married the Egyptologist Rosalind Hall who collaborated in many of his publications; he was Hon. Research Fellow in the Dept. of Egyptology, UCL; he was an expert in the hieratic script and a specialist on the economy of the Ramesside period and the workers' community at Deir el-Medina; apart from numerous articles, he published Two Ancient Egyptian Ship's Logs, 1961; Commodity Prices from the Ramessid Period, 1975; with R. Janssen, Egyptian Household Animals, 1989; with R. Janssen, Growing up in Ancient Egypt, 1990; Late Ramesside Letters and Communications, 1991; with R. Janssen, Getting Old in Ancient Egypt, 1996; Village Maria. Ten Studies on the History and Administration of Deir el-Medina, 1997; with others, Woodcutter, Potters and Doorkeepers: Service Personnel of the Deir el-Medina Workmen, 2003; Grain Transport in the Ramesside Period, 2004; Donkeys at Deir el-Medina, 2005; Daily Dress at Deir el-Medina, 2008; Furniture at Deir el-Medina, 2009; he died in London 23 Aug. 2011.

British Egyptologist and journalist. Born, Rochester 1886. Killed in action near Loos (between Vermelles and Hulloch), 1915. Foundation Scholar, Marlborough. Won an open scholarship to Exeter College, Oxford in 1905, completing his BA degree in 1909 with a Second Class in both Moderations and Literae Humaniores. Attached to the Department of Antiquities in Egypt, serving under A. E. P. Weigall for seven months in 1909. Assistant master, Fonthill School, East Grinstead, 1910-11. Assistant correspondent for The Times, based in Berlin, 1911-15. Volunteered at the beginning of World War I, as a commissioned officer he was appointed Second Lieutenant in the 6th Battalion of The Buffs (East Kent Regiment), 1915.

John de Monins Johnson was educated at Magdalen College School and Exeter College, Oxford. He was trained as a papyrologist and before his work at Antinoë he had excavated at Atfî. Most of Johnson's career was connected with Oxford University Press where he became Printer to the University in 1925. His excavations at Antinoë have never been published.

British Coptologist. Born, Bonn 1923. Died, Charlbury, Oxon 1955. Lady Wallis Budge Fellow, University College, at the time of his death. MA. D.Phil. Published material relating to the monastery of Deir el-Balaizah.

German Egyptologist; born Hellenthal, Germany, 23 August 1892, son of Hubert K., a forester; he studied German Language and Literature, Ancient History and Classics at Münster, 1912-3 and then Archaeology at Berlin, 1913-17 where he took courses on Egyptology under Erman and Möller; he also studied Law and National Economy; he took several doctorates at this time, PhD in the University of Münster, 1917; Doctor Juris utriusque at the University of Würzburg, 1920; Doctor rerum politicarum, Wüzburg, 1922; he later obtained his habilitation from the German University in Prague, 20 September 1930; influenced by G. Schweinfurth he became interested in the flora and fauna of Egypt, particularly in relation to those existing in the Pharaonic period, and he published his first important work in this field, Die Gartenpflanzen im Alten Ägypten, 1924, repr. 1967; he then went to work with V. Loret at Lyons and then settled in Egypt in 1928, where he was made Professor at the School for Dragomans and Guides, 1929-31, and was also attached to the General Catalogue of the Museum, 1932; he directed the historical section of the Fuad I Agricultural Museum from 1931-36; he became Professor of Egyptian Archaeology in the University of Cairo, 1936; he was closely associated with the Institut d'Égypte to which he was elected in 1937, contributing many communications to its Mémoires and serving as secretary-general and vice-president; from 1930-40 he was appointed lecturer at the German University of Prague, 1938 and took Czechoslovak nationality; on his return to Egypt, he was arrested as a German spy, 1940-1 and later released thanks to Emery's intervention in 1951 he became an Egyptian national; he was a member of numerous scientific organizations, notably Société Royale de Géographie d'Égypte, 1929; Fondation égyptologique Reine Élisabeth, Bruxelles, 1930; Société française d'Égypte, 1937; Association des amis de l'art copte, 1938; committee member of the Société Royale de Papyrologie d'Égypte, 1934; in all his published output reached 200 items, including Egyptian formal bouquets, 1925; Études d'Ég. fasc. I-VII, 1940-5; Histoires de serpents dans l'Égypte ancienne et moderne, 1947; Interpretation de quelques passages d'Horapollon, 1947; Remarques sur le tatouage dans l'Égypte ancienne, 1948; Notes prises chez les Bisarin et les Nubiens d'Assouan, 1951-3; Jardins zoologiques d'Égypte, 1954; his library and archives were acquired by the German Archaeological Institute in Cairo; he died in Deir el-Chifa Hospital, Cairo, 16 August 1957.

British archaeologist; he was born in London, 13 May 1907, son of Patrick K. of Galway, Ireland and Mabel Norton; he was educated at Wimbledon College, Merton College, Oxford, and University College London where he studied under Petrie from 1927-8; he took part in the excavations of Guy Brunton in Middle Egypt, Dec. 1928-April 1929; he then assisted Carter and Lucas in the assembly of the shrines of Tutakhamun at the Egyptian Museum; he was appointed to the post of assistant director under Emery on the Archaeological Survey of Nubia, 1929-34 during which he participated in the discovery of the tombs at Ballana and Qustul in 1931; he returned to Oxford to study under Griffith; BLitt, 1935; he was then appointed Director of the Oxford University Excavations in the Sudan, 1934-7, excavating at Firka, 1934-5 and at Kawa with Macadam, 1935-6; he held the Tweedie Fellowship in Archaeology and Anthropology from Edinburgh University, 1937-9; he served on the joint staffs at the Offices of the Cabinet and Ministry of Defence during World War II rising to the rank of Lt.-Col., 1943; he then became Director and Secretary of the Royal Geographic Society, 1945-75 and editor of the Geographic Journal, 1945-78; Hon. Vice-President from 1981; he became adviser to the Sudanese Government during the Nubian rescue campaign, 1958-61; he briefly surveyed Faras with W. Y. Adams and encouraged the Polish excavation of that and other sites; he founded the British Institute of History and Archaeology in Eastern Africa with Sir Mortimer Wheeler; President, 1961-81; Hon. Life President from 1981; Visiting Professor at Cairo University, 1976; Mortimer Wheeler Lecturer at the British Academy, 1977; Hon. President of the Sudan Archaeological Research Society from 1992; he was awarded the Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Gold Medal, 1975; CMG, 1958; KCMG, 1972; he published with W. Emery, The Excavations and Survey between Wadi-es-Sebua and Adindan, 1935; with Emery, The Royal Tombs of Ballana and Qustul, 1938; The Oxford University Excavations at Firka, 1939; and with Macadam, The Temples of Kawa II, 1955; his collected articles were edited by T Hagg, L. Torok, and D. Welsby as Studies on the History of Late Antique and Christian Nubia, 2002; he died in London, 16 April 1999.

French Egyptologist; born at Brie-Comte-Robert, 25 Nov. 1873, son of Louis Clement L., an architect, and Lucie Adele Belin; he at first entered the Ecole Normale intending to take up geology and studied Natural Science at the Sorbonne; he then turned to philosophy taking his degree in this subject 1897, but studying oriental languages simultaneously; the influence of Maspero led him to study Coptic and Egyptian and he joined the Institut Francais at his suggestion and began work for the Cairo general catalogue; he arrived in Egypt in 1899 and in 1901 published his first article on an Egyptian subject, Textes de l'Ancien Testament en copte sahidique, in the Rec. Trav. ; his first volume for the Catalogue General on the coffins in the museum in Cairo followed in 1906; this work led him to become interested in religious texts and he published a series of articles on the Coffin Texts in Rec. Trav. 26-37, which was of great importance before the appearance of the comprehensive work of de Buck; he also wrote a number of articles on Egyptian grammar at this period; in 1912 Lacau was appointed Director of the IFAO in Cairo, 1912-34 and the following year was elected a member of the Institut Egyptien; on 7 Oct. 1914 he was appointed Director of the Antiquities Service, but delayed his departure to Egypt for war service until Sept. 1915 when he was sent back to Egypt so that he could arrange a proper administration for the Antiquities Service throughout the war period; this done he returned to France, 1916, after delegating his work to the Secretary-General G. Daressy; he returned to Egypt in 1917 and resumed his duties; in 1919 he married Anne-Marie Bernard, daughter of the Geography Professor at the Sorbornne, and was made Director of the Institut Francais; he was made a correspondant of the Acad. des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 1923; in the period after the war Lacau issued directives for the partial uncovering of the funerary temples and their dependant buildings at Saqqara, and for the study of the Memphite tombs both architecturally and functionally, and for essential restoration and consolidation work to be carried out at Karnak; sondages were also to be made with a view to making possible the publication of all the completed parts; at the time of the discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun Lacau insisted on all the finds being retained in Egypt and secured the entire collection for the Egyptian Museum; he returned to France in 1936, and succeeded Moret in his chair in Paris, 1938-67; in 1939 he became a Member of the Acad. des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres; after the war he paid three further visits to Egypt, 1950-4, and died in Paris, 27 March 1963; his principal works were, Sarcophages anterieurs au Nouvel Empire, 2 vols. 1904-6; Fragments d'apocryphes copies, 1904; Textes coptes en dialectes akhmimique et sahidique, 1908; Textes religieux egyptiens, I pt. 1910; Steles du Nouvel Empire, 2 vols. 1909, 1926, for Cairo Cat.; Une stele juridique de Karnak, 1949; Sur le systeme hieroglyphique, 1954; Une chapelle de Sesostris 1er a Karnak, with H. Chevrier, 1956; La Pyramide a degres, tom. 4. Inscriptions gravies sur les vases, with J. P. Lauer, 2 pts., 1959, 1961; Une chapelle d'Hatshepsout a Karnak, with H. Chevrier, 2 vols,, 1977, 1979.