British diplomat and collector; he was born in Lichfield, 14 June 1780, son of Thomas S. and Alice Butt; he was trained as a portrait-painter and went to London in 1797 as a pupil of Joseph Farington, R.A., and afterwards of John Hoppner, RA; in 1802 he accompanied George Annesley, Visct. Valentia, as secretary and draughtsman, on a long tour in the East, visiting India, Ceylon, Abyssinia, and Egypt, and returned 1806; he made many drawings to illustrate Lord V.'s Voyages and Travels, 1809; he was sent by the Govt. on a mission to Abyssinia, 1809-11, and published an account, Voyage to Abyssinia, 1814; in 1815 he was appointed to succeed Missett as British Consul-General in Egypt and arrived there in 1816; he carried out much excavation in Egypt with the intention of procuring antiquities for the British Museum and in the process amassed enormous quantities on his own account; through Belzoni and Burckhardt he removed the colossal bust of Ramesses II from Thebes and presented it to the British Museum (EA 19), 1817; he employed Belzoni at Thebes and also financed his excavations in Nubia, and those of Caviglia at the Pyramids; in 1819, d'Athanasi excavated at Thebes under his direction; from 1818-21, he sent a large collection of antiquities to the British Museum, but the Trustees objected to the price demanded, and after protracted delay, they gave only £2,000 (less than the cost of excavation and transport) for the collection, but rejected the finest piece - the sarcophagus of Sety I ¬which was subsequently bought by Sir John Soane for his museum for £2,000; in private Salt attempted to place blame for the high excavation costs on Belzoni's extravagance; he had better luck with his second collection, formed 1819-24, which was reported upon by Champollion and bought by the King of France for £10,000; his third collection was sold at Sotheby's 29 June-8 July 1835; it had been formed 1824-7, and was auctioned in 1,283 lots for £7,168; many objects were bought by the British Museum; an anonymous sale of Egyptian antiquities held at Sotheby's, 15-16 March 1833, has also been attributed to Salt's estate (258 lots); besides a rather tedious poem on the Nile, Salt published an Essay on Dr. Young's and M Champollion's Phonetic System of Hierog!yphics, with some additional discoveries, etc., 1825; FRS, 1812; FLS; his papers and drawings are in the British Museum and there copies of some of these in the Griffith Institute, Oxford; he died at Desuke village near Alexandria, 30 Oct. 1827, and was buried in Alexandria.

Griffith Institute staff member, November 1982 to date.

Roger O. De Keersmaecker was born in Leopoldville (Kinshasa), Belgian Congo, on 11 September 1931 and died in Wilrijk (Antwerp), Belgium, at midnight 15-16 June 2020. When he was still very young, he became interested in Egyptian art after reading in a popular magazine about the mystery and the curse after the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun. For a long time, a trip to Egypt was as far away as a trip to the moon.
In 1960 he married Helena Beeckman, and both started visiting European Egyptian collections, including those in Brussels, London, Paris, Turin, Leiden, Hannover, and Hildesheim. After five years of marriage, in 1965, his long-awaited dream became a reality: they both went for a fortnight to Egypt and spent one week in Cairo and another in Luxor, equipped with three cameras and many film rolls. They made taxi trips to Sakkara, Memphis, Dahshur and Fayum and admired the wonderful treasures of the Cairo Museum. From Luxor, they went to Dendera, Abydos, Esna and Edfu.
In the interior of the pylon of the temple of Edfu, Roger noticed his first graffito of John Gordon in 1804. Year after year, De Keersmaecker went back, only pausing one year due to the Egyptian/Israelian war. Marie-Paule Vanlathem brought him in contact with H. De Meulenaere, L. Limme, and the late J. Quagebeur. In 1975, during the opening of the great Akhenaten exhibition in Brussels, H. De Meulenaere announced that Roger was selected as a photographer to work for two seasons at the tomb of Padihorresnet in Asasif (Theban Necropolis). Later he worked for several seasons with the Belgian archaeological mission at El Kab. Previously, he had already started his research on early travellers' graffiti, which took him to Sudan three times.
De Keersmaecker was a member of the Fondation Egyptologique Reine Elisabeth, Brussels, and of the Association for the Study of Travel in Egypt and the Near East, Cambridge (www.astene.ORG.UK), and published several articles in the ASTENE Bulletin. He was the author, printer and publisher of the Travellers' graffiti from Egypt and the Sudan. Information adapted from De Keersmaecker, Roger O. (2006), Travellers' graffiti from Egypt and the Sudan, V: Thebes: the Temples of Medinet Habu, final page.

British author and Egyptologist. Born, London 1831. Died, Westbury-on-Trym 1892. Displayed an early talent for writing, drawing, and opera singing. She pursued a career in journalism, wrote several novels, and also edited art and history publications. During this time she fostered a great interest in Egyptology, which led to her studying hieroglyphs. She visited Egypt in 1873-4, after which she wrote her most renowned publication A Thousand Miles Up the Nile (1877). She founded the Egypt Exploration Fund along with R. S. Poole and Sir E. Wilson, its aim being to excavate and preserve monuments. She gave up all her other interests so that she could concentrate on being the EEF's Secretary and to publicize its cause. She wrote numerous articles including excavation reports. In her will she left provision for the establishment of the first chair of Egyptian archaeology in England, which was at University College London, its first holder being Flinders Petrie.

Percy Edward Newberry M.A. O.B.E. was born on 23 April 1869 and died at his home in Godalming, England, on 7 August 1949. He was educated at King’s College School and King’s College, London and later mentored in Egyptology by Reginald Stuart Poole of the British Museum and Francis Llewellyn Griffith. Newberry began his career at the Egypt Exploration Fund and, from 1890 to 1894, headed an expedition to investigate the tombs of Middle Kingdom nomarchs at Beni Hasan and El Bersha. In 1893-4, he published a two-volume monograph Beni Hasan which remains a definitive account of the tombs there. Newberry then operated as a freelance excavator from 1895-1901, undertaking a survey of the Necropolis at Thebes. In 1902 Newberry worked on the Catalogue Général of Egyptian Antiquities at the Cairo Museum.

In 1906 Newberry was appointed Brunner Professor of Egyptology at the University of Liverpool, a position he held until 1919. In 1919 Newberry was appointed O.B.E. In 1923, he served as President of the Anthropological Section of the British Association, and from 1926 to 1927, he was Vice-President of the Royal Anthropological Institute. In 1929 Newberry accepted the chair of Ancient Egyptian History and Archaeology at the University of Egypt, Cairo, a post he held until 1933.

Newberry published extensively (see Magee, Diana, 'The Egyptological Bibliography of Percy Edward Newberry (1869-1949)', in The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Volume 76, 1990) and Botany. Notable publications include several volumes in the series of the Archaeological Survey of Egypt, two volumes in the Catalogue Général of the Cairo Museum and Scarabs (1906).

On 12 February 1907, Newberry married Essie Winifred Johnston (1878-1953). There were no children of the marriage. Although largely undocumented, Newberry was previously married from 1894 to Helena Aders, whom he divorced in 1904.

11 November 1881 - 8 February 1953. British archaeologist who worked in Egypt, Iraq, and sites of the Indus Valley civilisation. In 1940, she was appointed an assistant keeper at the Department of Antiquities, Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, and between 1948-1951 she acted as a curator at the Archaeological Museum of the American University of Beirut. In 1912, she married the archaeologist Ernest J. H. Mackay, with whom she often cooperated in later years. She was a member of the Croydon Branch of the Women's Social and Political Union.

Argentinian-American Egyptologist; he was born in Buenos Aires, 11 July 1915, son of Carlos Norberto C., a lawyer, and Maria Etelvina Crottogini; he was educated at the Institute Nacional del Profesorado Secundario and the University of Buenos Aires; BA, 1932; MA, 1938; he worked briefly for the Railway Pension Fund but decided to pursue a career in Egyptology in which he was largely self-taught; he then studied at the Oriental Institute Chicago, research assistant, 1944, research fellow, 1946-7; PhD, 1947; and at The Queen's College, Oxford with Gunn, 1945-6; he was a member of the Epigraphic Survey of the Oriental Institute Chicago at Luxor, 1947-50; he then returned to Oxford to work with Sir Alan Gardiner; DPhil, 1952; he was appointed Assistant Professor at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, 1952, Associate Professor, 1957, Professor, 1964, and Wilbour Professor, 1972-9; Visiting Professor at the University of Leningrad and the USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 1973-4; his chosen fields of specialization were hieratic palaeography and epigraphy; he undertook the copying of the texts and scenes at Gebel es-Silsila in 1955 and 1959-60, but his work was interrupted by the needs of the Nubian Rescue campaign; he worked at Qasr Ibrim, Buhen, and Semna-Kumma 1960-65; he returned to Gebel es-Silsila, 1975-6, 1978-82 and then copied the inscriptions at Wadi el-Shatt el-Rigal, 1983, all on behalf of the Egypt Exploration Society in London where he settled on his retirement; apart from articles and reviews, he published Late-Egyptian Miscellanies, 1954; Literary Fragments in the Hieratic Script, 1956; The Chronicle of Prince Osorkon, 1958; Gebel es-Silsilah I. The Shrines, 1963 with T.G.H. James; The Shrines and Rock-Inscriptions of Ibrim, 1968; The New Kingdom Temples of Buhen, 1974; and with H.G. Fischer, Ancient Egyptian Epigraphy and Palaeography, 1976; A Tale of Woe, 1977; his work at Semna-Kumma was in press at his death and his copies of Gebel es-Silsilah and Wadi el-Shaft el-Rigal were being prepared for publication; he died in London, 26 May 1992 and his ashes were buried in Holywell cemetery, Oxford; his house was purchased by the Egypt Exploration Society and now houses the Ricardo A. Caminos Memorial Library.

Russian Egyptologist; he was born in St. Petersburg, 30 January 1856, son of Semion Vasilievitch G., a merchant, and Sophia Gavrilovna; he visited Egypt no fewer than 60 times and brought back a rich collection of antiquities which he sold in 1909 to the Moscow Museum thereby much enlarging it; after the Revolution he never returned to Russia, but resided in Nice; he was for some time employed in cataloguing the hieratic papyri in the Cairo Museum; Professor of Egyptology at the University of Cairo 1924-29; he published his first article in 1874, and his first important work in on the Metternich stela, 1877; in cuneiform studies he also published Vingt-quatre tablettes cappadociennes, 1891, in which he made important contributions to the study of these documents; his name is today associated with many important papyri: the literary papryi and the Story of the Shipwrecked Sailor, now in the Hermitage Museum, and the Mathematical Papyrus, the Hymns to the Diadem, the Story of Wenamun, and other texts in Moscow; he published articles and studies on Wenamun, The Teaching of King Merikare, the Prophecy of the Priest Nefer-rehu, etc; his Glossary (the Onomasticon) formed the basis for Gardiner's Anc. Egyptian Onomastica; his main works were, Die Metternich stele in der Originalgrösse zum erstan Male herausgegeben, 1877; Ermitahe Imperial, Inventaire de la collection égyptienne, 1891; Le Conte du Naufragé, 1912; Les Papyrus Hiératiques, no. 1115, 1116A et 1116B de l'Ermitage Impérial..., 1913; he died in Nice, 5 August 1947.

French Egyptologist; he was born in Paris, 12 September 1906, son of Solomon Pozner, a Russian lawyer and journalist who left his country in 1905, and Esther Sidersky; the family returned to Russia after the 1917 Revolution but again emigrated to France in 1921; he was educated at the Lycée Russe in Paris, the Sorbonne where he studied history and geography, and the École Pratique des Hautes Études where he studied Egyptology under Sottas, Lefebvre, Weill, and Moret from 1925-31; he was awarded his diploma in 1933 with a thesis on the texts of the Persian period; he exhibited a deep interest in Egyptian philology and literature; from 1931-9 he was attached to the French Institute in Cairo and took part in the excavations at Tod and Deir el-Medina; he was assigned the publication of the literary hieratic ostraca from Deir el-Medina, a task which was to become his life's work and allowed him to reconstruct many ancient Egyptian literary texts; he served in the French army at the beginning of World War II, was taken prisoner and escaped in 1940, and spent the rest of the war in hiding in Paris where he took part in the Resistance; in 1945 he was appointed Director of Studies in history and Egyptian archaeology at the École Pratique until 1976; Professor of Egyptian Philology and Archaeology at the Collège de France 1961-78; Visiting Professor Brown University 1952-3; Member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 1969; President of the Société Francaise d'Égyptologie 1963-71 and editor of Revue d'Égyptologie until 1985; Professor honoris-causa of the University of Heidelberg; Corresponding Member of the British Academy; Member of the German Archaeological Institute and the Academies of Sciences in Göttingen and Munich; he wrote nearly a hundred books and articles covering a wide range of subjects especially history, religion, and literature; his principal works were Catalogue des ostraca hiératiques littéraires de Deir el Médineh I-III, 1934-80; La Première domination perse en Égypte, recueil d'inscriptions hiéro-glyphiques, 1936; Littérature et politique dans l'Égypte de la XlIe dynastie, 1956; Dictionnaire de la civilisation égyptienne, 1959; De la divinité du pharaon, 1960; Catalogue des stèles du Sérapéum de Memphis I, with M. Malinine and J. Vercoutter, 1968; L'Enseignement loyaliste, 1976; Le papyrus Vandier, 1985; he died in Garaches, 15 May 1988.