American photographer. Born, New York 1920. Died, Oxford 2006. Studied at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY. He was a ship's communication officer in the US Merchant Navy during WWII. After the war he worked as a navigator for TWA airlines, and worked on the route which included Cairo. It was here that he came in contact with professional photographers which inspired him to hone his own skills and eventually led to a career in free-lance photography. His commercial work incorporated his own varied interests, and is especially noted for his images of Egypt, its people, culture and ancient monuments. He worked for Chicago House in Egypt as well as several American museums with major Ancient Egyptian collections. He also had his own London based photography agency called The John Ross Photographic Archive.

British Egyptologist and archaeologist; he was born in Deptford, 29 Oct. 1890, son of Lewis Oxley R., accountant, and Florence Emily Jenvey; he became interested in Egyptology in early life through studying the collections in the British Museum; subsequently while working as a journalist he emigrated to Adelaide, South Australia in 1912 where he enlarged his experience by working voluntarily in museums in Sydney and Adelaide and lecturing in history in the University of Adelaide; after failure to obtain a museum post in Australia, he left Australia in 1922; Rowe's first archaeological field-work was as archaeological assistant to C. S. Fisher with the University Museum of Pennsylvania expedition to Palestine at the site of Beth Shan, an important Egyptian town in the New Kingdom, 1922; he also helped in the recording of objects at Memphis previously discovered by the Univ. of Pennsylvania expedition; from 1923 to 1925 he was chief archaeological assistant to Reisner with the joint Harvard-Boston expedition to Giza, where during the absence of Reisner in America he was directing work at the time of the discovery of the `tomb' of Hetepheres the mother of King Khufu; at this period he directed work on many sites in Egypt and Palestine, Girga (Upper Egypt), Semna and Kumma (Sudan), Beth Shan (Palestine); his assistant in Egypt was T. R. D. Greenlees; this work was followed by excavation at the pyramid of Maidum 1929-32, Gezer (Palestine) and Benha (Athribis), 1925-34; Benha yielded interesting discoveries, 1938, the expedition being financed by Sir Robert Mond; he was appointed Curator of the Graeco-Roman Museum in Alexandria, 1940-9; while in this post he made further discoveries in the Western Desert, notably the Ramesside fortress at Zawyet Umm el-Rakham, 1946; he also excavated the Catacombs of Kom el-Shuqafa, Alexandria, 1941-2; the Serapeum or remains of the temple of Serapis, 1943-5; in 1943 the War Office asked him to make a special report on damage to monuments in the war zone in Cyrenaica; he was appointed Special Lecturer in Near Eastern Archaeology in the University of Manchester, 1950-52, and Lecturer, 1952-8; his last four expeditions were made to the tombs and cemeteries of Roman Cyrene where he discovered remarkable statues of the goddess Persephone 1952-57; he married secondly in 1947 Mrs Olga Serafina Wilson (1905-15 Sept. 1958), daughter of Antonio Cucinotta, who helped him in his archaeological field-work until her death; he published several articles in Australia on Egyptian and other antiquities and left in manuscript a catalogue of the Egyptian antiquities in the South Australian Museum; in addition to numerous other articles in journals he wrote, A Catalogue of Egyptian Scarabs, Scaraboids, Seals and Amulets in the Palestine Archaeological Museum, 1930; The Topography and History of Beth-Shan, with details of Egyptian and other inscriptions found on the site, 1930; The Eckley B. Coxe, jr., Expedition excavations at Meydum (1929-30), 1931; a trans. of Leibovitch's Ancient Egypt, 1938; The Four Canaanite Temples of Beth-Shan, pt. i., 1940; Discovery of the Famous Temple and Enclosure of Serapis at Alexandria, see ASAE 1946; New Light on Aegypto-Cyrenaean Relations. Two Ptolemaic statues found in Tolmeita, 1948; A Contribution to the Archaeology of the Western Desert, see BulL of the John Rylands Library, vol. 36. 128, 484, 1951; vol. 38. 139, 1953; some of his papers are in the Griffith Institute, Liverpool University, and the South Australian Museum, Adelaide; he died in Manchester, 3 Jan. 1968.

British diplomat and collector; he was born in Lichfield, 14 June 1780, son of Thomas S. and Alice Butt; he was trained as a portrait-painter and went to London in 1797 as a pupil of Joseph Farington, R.A., and afterwards of John Hoppner, RA; in 1802 he accompanied George Annesley, Visct. Valentia, as secretary and draughtsman, on a long tour in the East, visiting India, Ceylon, Abyssinia, and Egypt, and returned 1806; he made many drawings to illustrate Lord V.'s Voyages and Travels, 1809; he was sent by the Govt. on a mission to Abyssinia, 1809-11, and published an account, Voyage to Abyssinia, 1814; in 1815 he was appointed to succeed Missett as British Consul-General in Egypt and arrived there in 1816; he carried out much excavation in Egypt with the intention of procuring antiquities for the British Museum and in the process amassed enormous quantities on his own account; through Belzoni and Burckhardt he removed the colossal bust of Ramesses II from Thebes and presented it to the British Museum (EA 19), 1817; he employed Belzoni at Thebes and also financed his excavations in Nubia, and those of Caviglia at the Pyramids; in 1819, d'Athanasi excavated at Thebes under his direction; from 1818-21, he sent a large collection of antiquities to the British Museum, but the Trustees objected to the price demanded, and after protracted delay, they gave only £2,000 (less than the cost of excavation and transport) for the collection, but rejected the finest piece - the sarcophagus of Sety I ¬which was subsequently bought by Sir John Soane for his museum for £2,000; in private Salt attempted to place blame for the high excavation costs on Belzoni's extravagance; he had better luck with his second collection, formed 1819-24, which was reported upon by Champollion and bought by the King of France for £10,000; his third collection was sold at Sotheby's 29 June-8 July 1835; it had been formed 1824-7, and was auctioned in 1,283 lots for £7,168; many objects were bought by the British Museum; an anonymous sale of Egyptian antiquities held at Sotheby's, 15-16 March 1833, has also been attributed to Salt's estate (258 lots); besides a rather tedious poem on the Nile, Salt published an Essay on Dr. Young's and M Champollion's Phonetic System of Hierog!yphics, with some additional discoveries, etc., 1825; FRS, 1812; FLS; his papers and drawings are in the British Museum and there copies of some of these in the Griffith Institute, Oxford; he died at Desuke village near Alexandria, 30 Oct. 1827, and was buried in Alexandria.

British Assyriologist. Born, Shirehampton 1845. Died, Bath 1933. Educated at Grosvenor College, Bath, then Queen's College, Oxford. Hibbert Lecturer, 1887. Gifford Lecturer, 1900-2. Professor of Assyriology, 1891-1919. Rhind Lecturer, 1906. Huxley Lecturer, 1906. D.Litt. LL.D. DD. Specialised in Carian and Hittite languages, as well as Assyrian and West Asian archaeology and philology. Also worked in Egypt copying inscriptions, etc.

German Egyptologist. Born, Frankfurt 1892. Died, Munich 1950. Educated Halle and Berlin. Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Egyptology, Munich, 1923. Professor, 1932-50. Initially specialized in literary, religious, and philosophical texts, but later focussed more on the Predynastic period and archaeology. His most important contribution to the subject was his work on Egyptian chronology and his alignment with Western Asia's. Published extensively.

German Egyptologist. Born, Berlin 1897. Died, Innsbruck 1971. Studied Egyptology under H. Ranke at Heidelberg, 1924, then with H. Junker and K. Sethe. Dr. Phil., 1926. Employed initially as an assistant in the Berlin Museum, and also worked at the German Archaeological Institute, Cairo. During his time in Egypt he translated texts collected by the German E. Delta expedition in 1929. Also worked for Chicago House, Luxor, as an epigraphist. Lecturer, Göttingen University, 1943. Professor of Egyptology, Heidelberg University, 1952. Professor of Egyptology, Göttingen University, 1956. Professor (emeritus), Göttingen University, 1965-71. Published extensively, especially religious texts.

American Egyptologist; he was born in Brooklyn, New York, 14 Jan. 1930; he studied at the City College of New York; BA in Classical Languages and Ancient History, 1952; he then served in the Korean war; he undertook graduate work at the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago under Wilson and Edgerton; MA in Egyptology, 1958; he then studied at the University of Pennsylvania under Anthes; PhD in Egyptology, 1962; he worked as an assistant in the Egyptian section of the University Museum of Pennsylvania, 1962-63; he was a Visiting Associate Professor at Columbia University, 1965; Dropsie University, 1966-8; and Tel Aviv University, 1969-70; he was appointed Professor of Ancient and Military History at Queen's College, New York and at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 1965; he was editor of JARCE, 1966-70; he was a founder of the Egyptological Seminar of New York and BES 10 was dedicated to him; he was co-founder and co-editor of the New Kingdom Memphis Newsletter, he was particularly interested in Egyptian New Kingdom history and foreign relations and military history; apart from numerous articles, he published his doctoral thesis Military Rank Title, and Organization in the Egyptian New Kingdom, 1964 and Ceremonial Execution and Public Rewards, 1988 as well as many articles notably on military history; he died in Tel Aviv, 20 July 2000.

Architect. Born, Berlin 1907. Died, London 1985. Son of painter Arthur Segal. Won a scholarship to study architecture at the Technische Hochschule in Berlin, then Zürich, 1929-32. During this time he also became interested in joinery. His first commission, a small timber-framed house in Ascona, was for his father's patron, Bernhard Meyer, 1932. Worked as an archaeological surveyor in Egypt, whilst there began a study of furniture, focussing on the chairs and footstools from the tomb of Tutankhamun, 1935. Moved to London in 1936 to continue his studies at the British Museum. He then worked for interior and furniture designers, and for the Ministry of Supply during the War. Founded his own architectural practice, pioneering the design of inexpensive, self build, timber framed housing. He taught at the Architectural Association, 1944-8. Banister Fletcher Professor, Bartlett School of Architecture, University College, London, 1973. Taught at the Thames Polytechnic, 1976 onwards.

British ethnologist; he was born in London, 24 Dec. 1873, only child of Hermann Seligmann (the final 'n' of the surname ceased to be used after 1914), a wealthy wine merchant, and Olivia Mendez da Costa; he qualified in medicine (pathology), but became involved in anthropology through the Cambridge anthropological expedition to the Torres Strait in 1898; he became a lecturer in ethnology at the London School of Economics, 1910, and Professor (part-time), 1913, a position that he held until 1934, but he also taught anthropology for Petrie's Egyptology diploma course at University College London; he was very widely traveled but is known especially for his fieldwork in Papua New Guinea and Sudan; with his wife, Brenda Zara Salaman (1883-1965), he first visited Egypt in 1908-09 where he spent a considerable amount of time with Petrie at his camp in Thebes; they visited Egypt again in 1913-14 and collected a large number of lithics from surface deposits and through excavation around Abydos and Thebes; he and his wife undertook a survey of Nilotic groups with funding from the government of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1909-10, 1911-1912, 1921-1922; he saw in the pastoral tribes of the Upper Nile Province, a corrupted remnant of prehistoric Caucasian immigrants, whose arrival in Africa had precipitated the rise of ancient Egypt dynastic society, a now discredited idea; apart from several articles including the extensive 'Some aspects of the Hamitic problem in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan', Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 43 (1913), 593-705 and 'The older palaeolithic age in Egypt', ibid, 51 (1921), 115-153, he published Egypt and Negro Africa: a study in divine kingship, 1934; he died in a nursing home in Oxford, 9 Sept. 1940.

British businessman. Born, Leeds 1841. Died 1897. Began his own grain merchanting business in Northumberland in 1866, and built his first maltings at Alnwick in the early 1870s. The business flourished over the following twenty years supplying local breweries in the North of England. For health reasons, acting on advice from his doctor, he visited Egypt in 1888.

British scientist; born at Lewisham, 21 June 1879, son of Robert Hugh S., accountant, and Elizabeth Maxted; he graduated from St. John's College, Cambridge, and then joined the staff of Liverpool College; during the First World War he went to the Department of Instrument Inspection of the Air Ministry, and afterwards continued at Kidbrooke depot; while there he wrote a book on aircraft instruments which went through several editions; he travelled extensively and visited S. Africa and India; for a year or two he studied Egyptian at University College London, and was a member of the EES for over thirty years until his death; he also served on the Committee for many years and gave lectures to the Society, wrote book reviews and contributed to bibliographies in JEA; Sloley's great interest lay in ancient Egyptian mathematics and science, in particular astronomy and methods of measuring time, on which subject he was an expert; he wrote the chapter on 'Science' in The Legacy of Egypt, and contributed an important article on methods of measuring time to JEA 17, and another in Ancient Egypt for 1924; Sloley lectured to schools and broadcast a talk titled 'A Day in the Life of an Egyptian Schoolboy'; he died at Amersham, Bucks., 18 Aug. 1958.

British Egyptologist. Born, Chiswick 1913. Died, Oxford 1943. Studied at Queen's College, Oxford, 1936. BA, 1939. Entered the Foreign Office in 1940. Specialized in Middle Egyptian. Published several articles in the JEA, including one with A. N. Dakin titled 'The Semnah Despatches', and another on Middle Kingdom stelae in Queen's College, Oxford (now in the Ashmolean Museum).

German Egyptologist and Demotist. Born, Hanover 1870. Died, Munich 1930. Educated at the Universities of Strasbourg, Berlin, and Paris, studying with J. Dümichen, A. Erman, and G. Maspero, respectively, 1888-92. Appointed Lecturer of Egyptology at Strasbourg University. He first concentrated on hieratic papyri especially the juristic texts, then on Coptic and Demotic studies, becoming one of the leading authorities in the field at that time. He published his acclaimed Coptic Dictionary, which was only superseded by W. E. Crum's work. Spiegelberg was a prolific author who wrote several hundred articles.

British artist and designer. Born, Ilkley 1882. Died, High Wycombe 1953. Educated at Bradford Technical College and then the Royal College of Art. Chief textile designer, Lister and Co., Bradford. Moved to Cairo in 1911 to take up a post teaching at the Department of Art and Crafts in the Egyptian Ministry of Education, and was later the Principal of the School of Arts and Crafts. Worked for G. A. Reisner, reconstructing some of the furniture of Queen Hetepheres found at Gîza. In 1930 he was appointed Supervisor of Technical Education to the Palestine Government, and then later Controller of Light Industries. Retired 1947.

British clergyman and collector; he was born in Chester-le-Street, Co. Durham, 26 April 1824, second son of William S., coal owner, and Barbara Haytor; he was educated at The Queen's College, Oxford from 1842; BA, 1847; MA, 1848; ordained, 1849; he held various curacies, 1849-64; Rector of Warkton, Northants., 1865-81, where he completely restored the church; he visited Egypt, 1854-5, and brought back some important antiquities; some of these were published in a fol. vol. without letterpress, Egyptian Antiquities collected on a voyage made in Upper Egypt in the years 1854 and 1855 ..., 1855; most of the antiquities were bought by Joseph Mayer of Liverpool, including the papyri, now famous as `Mayer A & B'; the British Museum bought the Coptic and Greek papyri, one of which had on the verso the Funeral oration of Hypereides, edited by Churchill Babington; the remainder were given to the Bristol Museum by Miss Stobart in 1927; his squeezes are in the Griffith Institute, Oxford; he retired to Wykeham Rise, Totteridge, Herts. in 1881, and died at Funchal, Madeira, 30 Dec. 1895.

British Coptologist and Demotist. Born, London 1859. Died, Bath 1944. Educated at Marlborough College and Trinity College, Cambridge. Studied Law and was called to the Bar, but did not pursue this as a career. At the direction of his father he studied medicine, but work in the biological laboratories at University College, London threatened his eyesight. Encouraged by Petrie who he met during his time at University College, he embarked on his Egyptological career at the age of forty, studying with Griffith and Crum. He specialized in Coptic and Demotic, and became eminent in this field. Fellow, University College; Hon. D.Litt. Oxford; FBA. He assisted with the compilation of Crum's Coptic Dictionary. Published several Demotic and Coptic papyri as well as contributions towards other books. He left provision in his will for the foundation of a chair of Egyptology at Cambridge.

Italian Egyptologist; he was born in Milan, 8 Jan. 1812, son of Giuseppe V. and Maddalena Brutpacher; he studied painting but was later involved in a political plot, and was condemned to death, although afterwards the sentence was commuted and he was released; he took refuge in Switzerland, France and England where he earned a living by teaching Italian and selling pictures; he went to Egypt about 1841 where he lived as a portrait-painter and dealer; he returned to Milan, 1848, but again went into exile in Egypt in 1849; he travelled to Constantinople and Smyrna, where he married; his wife died a few months later, and he returned to Egypt; as a dealer he had become acquainted with Mariette by 1853 when he sold him the coffin of King Intef; in 1856 he sold some important papyri to the British Museum (EA 100068, 100083, 10403); in 1859 he became assistant to Mariette and conducted many of his excavations; he served in Garibaldi's army, 1860, and was named curator of Egyptian antiquities at the Naples Museum, 1860; he was Keeper of the Bulaq Museum, 1865-83; temporary Director, 18 Jan.-7 Feb. 1881; he retired to Milan in 1883 and then Rome in 1884; he published Opuscules Divers, 2 vols. 1864-7; I Monumenti istorici egizi, it Musueo e gli scavi d'antichita eseguiti per ordine di S. A. Vicere Ismail Pascia; notizia sommaria, 1869; I Musei Egizi d'Italia, 1873; there is a marble bust of him in the Cairo Museum; a collection of his Egyptian antiquities and books was acquired in the 1930s by the American collector Horace L. Mayer, who were donated many to the Boston Museum; his papers are in the Griffith Institute, Oxford, and at Milan; he died in Rome, 13 June 1887.

French Egyptologist; he was born at Lambersart, 20 January 1911, son of Georges V. and Aline Bertin; he studied history and geography at the Sorbonne and Egyptology at the École Pratique des hautes études; Diploma 1939; he was sent on a mission to Tunisia in 1937 where he studied Egyptian objects; he served in World War II, being taken prisoner and released in 1940; he was attached to the Louvre, 1942-5 and IFAO, 1945-50 where he took part in excavations at Karnak and Tod, 1947-9; he then joined CNRS and was director of excavations at Dara, 1950-1 for the University of Paris; Docteur ès lettres from the Sorbonne, 1953; Head of the French archaeological mission to the Sudan 1953-5, excavating at Kor, 1953 and Sai, 1954; director of the Sudan Archaeological Service, 1955-60; Professor at Lille and Director of the French mission in the Sudan, 1960-76 where he undertook work at Aksha, 1960-2, and Mirgissa, 1963-7 for the Nubian rescue campaign; Director of IFAO, 1977-81; he became a member of the Académie des Inscriptions 11 May 1984; President of the Société française d'égyptologie, 1982-97; Hon President of the Nubian Society 1982; member of the Institut d'Égypte 1976; he was awarded the légion d'honneur; a festschrift Mélanges offerts à Jean Vercoutter was compiled in his honour in 1985; he published Les objets égyptiens et égyptisants du mobilier fúneraire carthininois, 1945; L'Égypte ancienne, 1947, 14th ed. 1992; Essai sur les Relations entre Égyptiens et Préhellènes, 1954; L'Égypte et le monde égéen préhellénique, 1956; Textes biographiques du Sérapéum de Memphis, 1962; La Nubie soudanaise et la nouveau barrage d'Assouan, 1963; Aksha I, 1966; Catalogue des stèles du Sérapéum de Memphis I (with G. Posener and M. Malinine), 1968; Mirgissa I-III, 1970-6; Études sur l'Égypte et le Soudain anciens, 1973; À la recherche de l'Égypte oubliée, 1986; L'Égypte et la vallée du Nil, 1993; he died in Paris, 16 July 2000.

British Egyptologist and archaeologist; he was born at Clifton, 4 March 1879, son of William Frederick W., brewer, and Emily Helen Jones; educated Clifton College, but he was unable to go on to University afterwards; his interest in Egyptology was awakened by reading Rawlinson's Ancient Egypt at 15, but he was unable to follow it up and had to work in a timber office when he was 17; in 1900 he attended evening classes in Egyptian and Coptic at the University College, Bristol, Mackay being also a student; he first visited Egypt in 1904, and on meeting Petrie, 1907, asked to be taken on as an assistant on his digs; he went to Sohag and remained excavating with Petrie until 1912, contributing to no fewer than six of Petrie's archaeological vols., Meydum and Memphis III, 1910; The Labyrinth and Gerzeh, 1911; Tarkhan I and Memphis V, 1913; Heliopolis, Kafr Ammar and Shurafa, 1915; and pls. in Memphis I and II, during the summers he studied with Petrie and Margaret Murray at University College London, and received some instruction in language from Griffith in Oxford, in return for help with the Nubian finds; he next joined Wellcome in the Sudan, and having saved enough money was able to study and take his BLitt Oxon, 1913, the subject being The Foreign Relations of the New Kingdom which dealt with the Keftiu and which was published later in Liverpool Annals; Wainwright dug for the EES at Abydos, 1913-14, and at Es-Sawama, and in 1915 at El-Balabish for the American branch; in 1914 he also joined Woolley and Lawrence at Carchemish; to support himself he taught at Christ's Hospital School and the Tewfikia School in Cairo, 1916-21; he was appointed Chief Inspector of Middle Egypt by the Antiquities Service, 1921-4; in 1926 he retired to Bournemouth with sufficient money saved plus the compensation given by the Egyptian Government to retiring officers, to enable him to devote the rest of his life to research and publication; to this end he regularly visited Oxford, and the list of his publications is thus very long, reaching hundreds of items; only two books came out under his own name, Balabish, 1920; The Sky Religion of Egypt, 1937; his interests were very wide and his articles and reviews embraced archaeology and anthropology in areas far beyond Egypt; in all he contributed to at least 15 journals and also reviewed for the Times Literary Supplement, his main studies were technical, e.g. iron, bronze, tin, obsidian; religious and anthropological, e.g. the origins of the gods Amun and Min; and ethnic, e.g. the Sea Peoples; he did much to encourage young people and students, founding a prize of £50 for an essay written on Egyptian Archaeology by a boy or girl at school; he left the bulk of his estate to the University of Oxford to endow two Research Fellowships in the study of Near Eastern Archaeology; he also donated a generous sum for books for the library of the EES; he died in Bournemouth, 28 May 1964.

British Egyptologsit/Coptologist. Born, ? 1937. Died, Flimby 2006.