American attorney and Egyptologist. Born, Baltimore, MD 1865. Died, Woodbrook, MD 1918. Educated Lafayette College and John Hopkins University, 1896-1903. Went to Egypt on several occasions between 1895 and 1907. Worked with the Hearst Expedition of the University of California at Gîza in 1903-4 and as a volunteer assistant to E. Naville at Deir el-Bahri. Published several popular books about his travels.

British Coptologist. Born, Capelrig, Renfrewshire 1865. Died, Bath 1944. Educated, Eton, 1879, then Balliol College, Oxford, BA 1888. Became interested in Egyptology whilst an undergraduate, and went to study hieroglyphs, ancient Egyptian and Coptic with W. N. Groff in Paris, then with A. Erman in Berlin. Hon. PhD. Berlin. Went on to specialise in Coptic, eventually becoming the most eminent scholar in his field. He is most renowned for his Coptic Dictionary which he started work on in 1892. He visited many museums and libraries compiling all available material. The Dictionary was published in six volumes between 1929-39. In recognition of his contribution to the subject, he was elected Fellow of the British Academy, 1931, awarded D. Litt., Oxford, 1937, Volume 25 (1939) of the Journal of Egyptian Archaeology was dedicated to him, and the Byzantine Institute of Boston published a volume in his honour. He published extensively in his chosen field.

British Coptologist. Born, Leicester 1965. Died, Cambridge 2003. Studied Classics, then Egyptology at St John's College Cambridge. Then University College London, D. Phil., 1996. Lady Wallis Budge Fellow, Christ's College, Cambridge, 1998-2003.

Professional photographers. Founded in Florence in 1852.

Essie Winifred Newberry (née Johnston) married Percy Newberry on 12 February 1907. Essie shared Percy's keen interest in textiles, reflected by her involvement with the Embroiderers’ Guild, where she served as Vice President (1922-1945) and Honorary Treasurer (1935-1938). She accompanied Percy on his expeditions and lived with him in Cairo from 1929 to 1932.

British conservator; he was born in Coatbridge, Lanarkshire, 19 Sept. 1898, son of Robert James P., art teacher, and Lucy Bell; he was educated at the Harris Academy in Dundee and went to University College of St. Andrews in 1916 to study science; he left to serve in World War I where he earned a MC in 1918 and then completed his education at University College, Dundee; BSc,1921; PhD, 1923; in 1924 he joined the laboratory of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research at the British Museum which became the Research Laboratory of the British Museum in 1931; Assistant Keeper, 1931-8; Deputy Keeper, 1938-49; Keeper, 1949-59; Professor of Chemistry, Royal Academy of Arts, 1936-58; Director, International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property, 1959-71; President of the International Institute for the Conservation of Museum Objects, 1965-8; CBE, 1959; he worked on the scientific analysis of objects from the tomb of Tutankhamun and was responsible for the care of the objects evacuated from the British Museum during World War II; his principal publication was The Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art, 1956; revised ed., 1971; he died in Inverness, 2 Nov. 1997.

French Egyptologist; he was born in Villeurbanne, 2 April 1219; he studied Egyptology at Lyons under Alliot; he was a pensionnaire at the Institut francais in Cairo, 1945-9 and took part in excavations at Karnak; he then stayed in Egypt; he was appointed UNESCO representative for Nubian affairs and coordinator for the archaeological work in Egyptian Nubia, 1960-7 and so played a major role in the Nubian rescue campaign; his principal publications were Karnak Nord III (1945-1949), with C. Robichon, 1951; Temple d'Amon a Karnak. Les divinites des colonnes de la grand salle hyposyle et leurs epithetes, 1955; Abou-Simbel et l'e'popie de sa decouverte, 1965; and Campagne internationale de l'UNESCO pour la sauvegarde des sites et monuments de Nubie, 1977; he died at Malesherbes, 7 May 1996

British collector; he was born in Syon House, 15 Dec. 1792, second son of Hugh Percy, 2nd Duke, by his second marriage to Frances Julia Burrell; he entered the Navy, 1805; retired Captain, 1815; Rear-Admiral, 1850; Vice-Ad., 1857; Admiral, 1862; he was created Baron Prudhoe, 1816; from 1826 he travelled in the East for some years with Major Orlando Felix and met Champollion in Cairo in Sept. 1828 and again in Nubia in Jan. 1829; he reached Sennnar in 1829 and removed two granite lion statues from Gebel Barkal which were later presented to the British Museum (EA 1 and 2); he formed an extensive collection of Egyptian antiquities (over 2,000 objects), added to by his descendants, of which a catalogue by Samuel Birch was published in 1880; he accompanied Sir John Herschel's expedition to the Cape, 1834; DCL, Oxford, 1841; FRS; FSA; FGS; FRAS; he financed E. W. Lane's Arabic Lexikon and sent him to Egypt to collect materials; his wife, nee Lady Eleanor Grosvenor, continued to support Lane after the Duke's death; he succeeded as 4th Duke, 1847; he also restored Alnwick Castle and greatly improved the estate; First Lord of the Admiralty, 1852-3; a Trustee of the British Museum; the bulk of the Alnwick collection of antiquities were purchased by the University of Durham in 1950, but some pieces were sold at the same time to the British Museum; his papers are at Alnwick Castle; he died in Alnwick, 12 Feb. 1865, and was buried in the Percy Chapel.

British Egyptologist; she was born in Cheltenham, 8 Feb. 1932, daughter of Henry Macfarlane and Bertha Stevens; she studied Ancient History at University College London and later worked in the Dept. of Egyptian Antiquities, British Museum under Edwards as research assistant 1958-69; she also excavated in Serbia and Jericho; in 1966 she married John Wilkinson, later Warden of St. George's College, Jerusalem; she obtained a PhD in Linguistics at Georgetown University in Washington; she was secretary of the Association for the Study of Travel in Egypt and the Near East, 2004-6; she published Ancient Egyptian Jewellery, 1971; and The Garden in Ancient Egypt, 1998; she died in London, 28 Jan. 2011.

British Egyptologist and archaeologist; he was born in Deptford, 29 Oct. 1890, son of Lewis Oxley R., accountant, and Florence Emily Jenvey; he became interested in Egyptology in early life through studying the collections in the British Museum; subsequently while working as a journalist he emigrated to Adelaide, South Australia in 1912 where he enlarged his experience by working voluntarily in museums in Sydney and Adelaide and lecturing in history in the University of Adelaide; after failure to obtain a museum post in Australia, he left Australia in 1922; Rowe's first archaeological field-work was as archaeological assistant to C. S. Fisher with the University Museum of Pennsylvania expedition to Palestine at the site of Beth Shan, an important Egyptian town in the New Kingdom, 1922; he also helped in the recording of objects at Memphis previously discovered by the Univ. of Pennsylvania expedition; from 1923 to 1925 he was chief archaeological assistant to Reisner with the joint Harvard-Boston expedition to Giza, where during the absence of Reisner in America he was directing work at the time of the discovery of the `tomb' of Hetepheres the mother of King Khufu; at this period he directed work on many sites in Egypt and Palestine, Girga (Upper Egypt), Semna and Kumma (Sudan), Beth Shan (Palestine); his assistant in Egypt was T. R. D. Greenlees; this work was followed by excavation at the pyramid of Maidum 1929-32, Gezer (Palestine) and Benha (Athribis), 1925-34; Benha yielded interesting discoveries, 1938, the expedition being financed by Sir Robert Mond; he was appointed Curator of the Graeco-Roman Museum in Alexandria, 1940-9; while in this post he made further discoveries in the Western Desert, notably the Ramesside fortress at Zawyet Umm el-Rakham, 1946; he also excavated the Catacombs of Kom el-Shuqafa, Alexandria, 1941-2; the Serapeum or remains of the temple of Serapis, 1943-5; in 1943 the War Office asked him to make a special report on damage to monuments in the war zone in Cyrenaica; he was appointed Special Lecturer in Near Eastern Archaeology in the University of Manchester, 1950-52, and Lecturer, 1952-8; his last four expeditions were made to the tombs and cemeteries of Roman Cyrene where he discovered remarkable statues of the goddess Persephone 1952-57; he married secondly in 1947 Mrs Olga Serafina Wilson (1905-15 Sept. 1958), daughter of Antonio Cucinotta, who helped him in his archaeological field-work until her death; he published several articles in Australia on Egyptian and other antiquities and left in manuscript a catalogue of the Egyptian antiquities in the South Australian Museum; in addition to numerous other articles in journals he wrote, A Catalogue of Egyptian Scarabs, Scaraboids, Seals and Amulets in the Palestine Archaeological Museum, 1930; The Topography and History of Beth-Shan, with details of Egyptian and other inscriptions found on the site, 1930; The Eckley B. Coxe, jr., Expedition excavations at Meydum (1929-30), 1931; a trans. of Leibovitch's Ancient Egypt, 1938; The Four Canaanite Temples of Beth-Shan, pt. i., 1940; Discovery of the Famous Temple and Enclosure of Serapis at Alexandria, see ASAE 1946; New Light on Aegypto-Cyrenaean Relations. Two Ptolemaic statues found in Tolmeita, 1948; A Contribution to the Archaeology of the Western Desert, see BulL of the John Rylands Library, vol. 36. 128, 484, 1951; vol. 38. 139, 1953; some of his papers are in the Griffith Institute, Liverpool University, and the South Australian Museum, Adelaide; he died in Manchester, 3 Jan. 1968.

German Egyptologist; he was born at Schwiebus, 2 Aug. 1881, son of Ernst R., pharmacist, and Meta Wahrburg; he studied at the University of Jena and then Berlin under Erman, gaining his doctorate at Friedrich-Wilhelm University, 1904; he helped with the classification of objects in the Egyptian Department of Berlin Museum, becoming a methodical and very systematic worker; he also published the inscriptions in the museum, and at this time also helped with the Worterbuch, 1900-7; he joined the Egyptian Antiquities Service, 1907-11; for Maspero he copied the reliefs and inscriptions in three Nubian temples, Debod, Kalabsha, and Dakka, and for Cairo Museum also published the Naos vol. of the Cairo Cat. General; he completed his habilitaion at the University of Beslau, 1914; he then became a lecturer at Breslau, 1914; Professor, 1916; he was Director of the Hildesheim Museum which had been founded shortly before by W. Pelizaeus, 1915-1945 and Director of the Berlin Museum, Dec. 1940-45 when he was dismissed from his posts as a supporter of the Nazi government; he published a catalogue of this collection; between 1929 and 1939; he directed the excavations at Hermopolis, 1930-39, for which he became famous, clearing much of the vast site of the Thoth temple and the associated buildings, and finding many blocks with scenes of the Aten which apparently came from El-Amarna; he was appointed Director in the Berlin Museum, 1940-45; Roeder made a special study of Egyptian mythology and religion and also certain types of object, his wide variety of interests being shown in his publications; he was a very prolific writer: Debod bis Bab Kalabsche, 2 out of 3 vols. 1911-12; Die Denkmiiler des Pelizaeus-Museums zu Hildesheim, 1921; Aegyptische Inschnfierz aus den koniglichen Museen zu Berlin, 1924; Agyptisch: praktische Einflihrung in die Hieroglyphen und die eigyptische Sprache mit Lesestiicken und Wiirterbuch, 1926; Die Mastaba des Uhemka im Pelizaeus-Museum zu Hildesheim, 1927; Der Tempel von Dakke, 2 out of 3 vols. 1930; Agyptische Bronzewerke, 1937; Der Felsentempel von Bet el-Wali, 1938; _Agyptische Bronzefiguren), 2 pts., 1956; Hermopolis, 1929-1939; Die agyptische Religion in Texten und Bildern, 4 pts. 1959-61, and posthumously Amarna-Reliefs aus Hermopolis. Ausgrabungen der Deutschen Hermopolis-Expedition 1929-39 II, 1969.

Egyptologist and orientalist; born Guernsey, 23 Aug. 1822, son of Joseph R. and Mary Le Page; educated at Elizabeth College, Guernsey, and Pembroke College, Oxford, 1840, where he read Hebrew and left before taking a degree having become a Roman Catholic; he then went abroad, later becoming Classical tutor, Oscott College; appointed Professor of Ancient History and Oriental languages, Catholic University, Dublin, 1855-64; HM Inspector of Schools, 1864-85; while in Ireland became interested in Egypt through the funerary papyri preserved at Trinity College, Dublin; encouraged by Hincks he now began to publish Egyptological articles in the periodical Atlantis; he visited Egypt with his wife, Ludovica, daughter of Christian Brentano la Roche, 1875, going via Syria-Lebanon; Hibbert Lecturer, 1879; he succeeded Birch as Keeper of Oriental Antiquities, British Museum, 1 May 1886-3 Dec. 1891; he was President Soc. Bibl. Arch., 1885-97; knighted 1896, he made many contributions to Egyptology and published many articles in journals espec. PSBA; his main works were, An Elementary Grammar of the Ancient Egyptian Language, pt. i only pub., 1875; Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion, as illustrated by the Religion of Ancient Egypt, 1880; Assyrian Antiquities. Guide to the Nimroud Central Saloon of the British Museum, 1886; The Book of the Dead. Facsimile of the Papyrus of Ani in the British Museum, 1890; his most important work, the translation of the Book of the Dead, was unfinished at his death and was completed by Naville; his writings were collected and republished by his wife under the title The Life¬work of Sir P. Le Page Renouf, 4 vols. 1902-7; his letters have been edited and published by J.Cathcart, The Letters of Peter le Page Renouf (1822-1897), 2002-4, in 4 volumes; during Renouf's period as Keeper the work of arrangement, modernisation, and enlarging the Egyptian collections was actively carried on, and many famous pieces were added; his correspondence is in the Griffith Institute, Oxford; he died in London, 14 Oct. 1897.

Egyptological bibliographer; she was born in London, 9 April 1852, daughter of Frederick William P., architect and Sarah Moyle; her tastes were literary and she was acquainted with Dickens, Carlyle, and the Brownings; she was also interested in psychical research; she studied Egyptology under Griffith and under Sethe at Gottingen, after which she spent many years in amassing the material for the Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings, the first volume of which, dealing with the Theban Necropolis, appeared in 1927; this was produced with the collaboration of Rosalind Moss, who produced many subsequent volumes; her MSS are in the Griffith Institute; she died in Oxford, 17 Jan. 1941.

Born, London 24/10/1930. Died, Essex 30/07/1999.
John Phillips was born in London, and after his marriage, spent the rest of his life in Essex. On his first day in Primary School he was taken into a classroom with a frieze of Egypt round the walls and was instantly and completely smitten; it was a devotion which lasted for the rest of his life and which influenced much of his work.
John was a Master Craftsman who could turn his hand to working in any material; his first job on leaving school was designing record sleeves for Decca Records; he made marquetry boxes and trays, and designed gun cases and cabinets for Asprey's as well as producing a range of designs for their wrapping paper. He also designed mosaic floors and furniture, worked in copper, carved in wood, painted World War II aircraft, produced detailed pictures of motorcycles in scraper-board, and engraved on marble and glass.
At his house in Theydon Bois he engraved a life-size figure of Horus on marble for his front porch; he also engraved on glass, in reverse and from the back, a map of the world which took up much of a wall in the dining room.
After a major stroke in 1977 he started to make jewellery, and spent the rest of his life producing exquisite pieces for his friends, mostly based on the Egyptian Gods, animals and hieroglyphs and symbols.
He had an eclectic range of interests including archery, target shooting, and the aeroplanes of World War II, and he was a voracious reader.

English copyist; she was born at Elford, 5 Jan. 1844, daughter of Revd Francis Edward P., Rector of Elford, Staffs, and Fanny Chester; he was a student at University College London, 1893-8; she went to Egypt 1895-6 with Miss Pine (later Mrs Quibell) for the Egyptian Research Account and copied the scenes in the tomb of Ptahhotep at Saqqara, published in the memoir The Ramesseum, 1896; she visited the temple of Deir el-Bahri and made many coloured facsimiles which were used by Griffith in his Hieroglyphs, 1898; these watercolours are in the Griffith Institute, Oxford; she died unmarried in Wells, 29 Jan. 1925.

Swiss Egyptologist and Biblical scholar; he was born in Geneva, 14 June 1844, son of Adrien N. and Sophia Rigaud; he prepared himself for his work with unusual thoroughness, being educated at the University of Geneva, King's College, London, and the Universities of Bonn, Paris, and Berlin, 1865-8; he first worked entirely on the philological side and first visited Egypt in 1865, when he copied the Horus texts at Edfu; he studied under Lepsius and was his literary executor, bringing out the 5 vols. of notes to the Denkmaler with Borchardt Sethe, and other helpers; as a captain in the Swiss army during the Franco-Prussian war he helped to escort prisoners of Bourbaki's army into Switzerland after their defeat by von Werder near Dijon, 1870-1; he next worked on the solar texts and the Book of the Dead, publishing important works in these fields, and later, with Schiaparelli, helped Lefebure on the publication of the tomb of Seti I at Thebes; he was the first excavator of the EEF and had already acquired a European reputation when he was invited to dig for the newly founded Society in 1882; he excavated at Tell el-Maskhuta, 1883, the report for this work establishing the format for future publications of this type; he excavated and explored the Wadi Tumilat, 1885-6, the area at the west end of which he identified as the Biblical land of Goshen; excavated at Bubastis, 1886-9; from here and other sites Naville brought back among other objects the colossal granite head of Amenemhat III now in the British Museum (EA 1063), and huge columns and Hathor-capitals which went to Cairo, London, and museums such as Boston in America; excavated at Tell el-Yahudiya, 1887, Saft el-Hinna, 1887, Ahnas (Herakleopolis), 1890-1, Mendes and Tell Mukdam, 1892, in all about 10 Delta sites; he next went to Upper Egypt to excavate Deir el-Bahari, 1893-6, helped by D. G. Hogarth, Somers Clarke, and H. Carter; returning to the field some years later he cleared the Menthuhotep temple with H. R. Hall, 1903-7; Naville had been brought up in the old-fashioned school of Mariette and Maspero and liked to work on great temples and large monuments, unlike Petrie, but he did make a further examination of the royal necropolis at Abydos, 1910; his last great piece of field-work was the excavation of the Osireion, with G. A. Wainwright and Capt. Gibson, which was left unfinished at the outbreak of war in 1914; he married Marguerite, daughter of Count Alexandre de Pourtales, 1873, a talented artist who executed the plates for most of his publications; she died 14 Dec. 1930; during his long life he acquired many hons. and distinctions; DCL; LLD; PhD; DLitt; DTheol; Hon. FSA; Fellow of King's Coll. London; for. Assoc. Institute of France; member hist.-philos. class of the Videnskabs - Selskabet of Christiana; For. Member Budapest Acad.; Acad. Vienna; Corr. Acad. of Hist. Madrid; Hon. Member Inter. Comm. Red Cross; Hon. Knight of Grace of Order of St. John of Jerusalem; Commander of the Crown of Italy; Officer Legion d'honneur; Knight of the Red Eagle, Prussia and Polar Star, Sweden; Hon. Prof. University of Geneva; Naville firmly opposed the Berlin School on their views of the Semitic aspect of Egyptian language; he possessed a formidable intelligence and could argue his case extremely effectively; he has been proved right in some controversies such as that with Sethe on the Tuthmoside succession, and his theories on the Exodus and its route still remain fundamental in this subject; he published innumerable articles, reviews and books, including The Mound of the Jew and the city of Onias. Belbeis, Samanood, Abusir, Tukh el Karmus. 1887, 1890; The Festival-Hall of Osorkon II in the Great Temple of Bubastis, 1887-89, 1892; Ahnas el Medineh (Heracleopolis Magna). With chapters on Mendes, the nome of Thoth, and Leontopolis, 1894; The Temple of Deir el Bahari, Introductory Memoir, 1894; The Temple of Deir el Bahari, royal fol., 6 vols. 1895-1908; The Xlth Dynasty Temple at Deir el-Bahari, 3 vols., with H. R. Hall and others, 1907-13; The Cemeteries of Abydos, pt. 1, with T. E. Peet, H. R. Hall, and K. Haddon, 1914.

German Egyptologist; he was born at Naumburg an der Saale, 23 Dec. 1810, son of Carl Peter L., Saxon Procurator for the district of Thuringa, and Friederike Glaser; he was educated at Naumburg School, 1823-9; the Universities of Leipzig, 1829-30; Gottingen, 1830-2, where he attended lectures on archaeology and Greek Antiquities and also learnt Sanskrit; Berlin, 1832-3, where he was critical of the philological school under Boeckh; PhD on the Eugubian Tablets, 1833; he went to Paris in 1833 to collect materials on ancient weapons for the Duc de Luynes and while there attended lectures given by Letronne on the history of Egypt, whose critical approach to the subject he afterwards praised; under the influence of Bunsen and Humboldt he studied Egyptology, but although well qualified in many ancient languages he would not learn Egyptian until Champollion's Grammar had appeared; in this he showed his orderly mind which was to be of great service to him later; he required to make comparisons of the different systems of decipherment then being discussed in order to establish the correct one at a time when scholars were still uncertain about them; his famous letter to Rosellini marked the turning-point in the study of hieroglyphs; in this he accepted the Champollion system and showed once and for all that it was the correct one, but also expanded and corrected it where necessary, showing the use and nature of syllabic signs for the fast time and the relationship of certain features to Coptic; in his spare time Lepsius learnt engraving on copper and lithography which he rightly considered would be useful in his work later; he also wrote poetry and music as diversions from his studies; while in Paris Lepsius made many squeezes and tracings of inscriptions and then spent four years visiting the principal Egyptian collections in England, Holland, and Italy; in 1842-5 he led the Prussian Expedition to Egypt and Nubia after having prepared for it most thoroughly; this was the best-equipped expedition that had ever gone to Egypt with skilled draughtsmen among the members; intending mainly to survey the monuments and gather objects Lepsius also excavated the site of the Labyrinth in the Fayum and made a stratified drawing of sections across the site, using a method not normally used in the Near East again until the present century; at this time his interest in Nubian languages was aroused; he went as far south as Khartoum and Sennar and also to Sinai in the north-east; he visited Palestine and later published the Nahr el-Kelb inscription of Ramesses II; in all he sent home 15,000 Egyptian antiquities and plaster casts; he was appointed Professor at Berlin University, 1846; he married Elisabeth daughter of Bernard Klein, the composer and niece of Gustav Parthey 1846; Member of the Acad., 1850; Corresponding Member of the Academie des Inscriptions in Paris, 24 Dec. 1858; co-director of the Egyptian Museum, Berlin, 1855; on the death of Passalacqua in 1865, he was made Keeper of the Egyptian collections and in 1873, Keeper of the Royal Library; the epigraphic and other material collected on the expedition was published in 1859 in the 12 vast volumes of the Denkmaler, probably the largest Egyptological work ever produced; the work consists entirely of folio plates, 894 in all, extremely accurate compared with earlier works of this type; the text did not appear until after his death, when it was compiled from his papers by Naville and others, and published in 5 further vols., 1897-1913; the Egyptian museum in Berlin was largely built according to his specification; in his later works he showed an interest in chronology and mensuration; he visited Egypt with another expedition, 1866, exploring the Suez area and the east Delta; this resulted in the discovery of the decree of Canopus at Tanis, of tremendous importance, as this bilingual stone acted as a check to prove the results achieved by Egyptologists up to 1866 by using the Rosetta stone and Champollion's system; for many years from 1864 on he edited ZAS; his last visit to Egypt was in 1869 when he was present at the opening of the Suez Canal; Knight of the Bavarian order of Maximilian, 1873; Privy Councillor, etc.; his bibl. lists 142 works.

British architect. Educated at Dulwich College. Articled to Charles Henry Money Mileham (1837-1917). AA Schools. Travelled in Italy, Greece and Egypt. Commenced independent practice 1907 in Westminster. In partnership with Wildrid Travers. Published Churches in Lower Nubia (1910).

John de Monins Johnson was educated at Magdalen College School and Exeter College, Oxford. He was trained as a papyrologist and before his work at Antinoë he had excavated at Atfî. Most of Johnson's career was connected with Oxford University Press where he became Printer to the University in 1925. His excavations at Antinoë have never been published.

British archaeologist; she was born in London, Feb. 1888, daughter of William Caton-Thompson, a solicitor, and Ethel Gertrude Page; she was educated in private schools in Eastbourne and Paris and visited Egypt in 1911 with her mother; she worked as a civil servant during World War I and then from 1921-6 was a student of Petrie at University College London; she took part in Petrie's excavations at Abydos and Oxyrhynchus 1921-2; her interest was in the prehistoric period in which she became a specialist; she excavated in Malta in 1921 and 1924; she joined Petrie and Brunton at Qau 1923-5 where she discovered the predynastic village at Hemmamiya; she inaugurated the first archaeological and geological survey of the Northern Fayum where she uncovered two neolithic cultures 1924-8 under the auspices of the British School of Archaeology and then the Royal Anthropological Institute; in 1929 she carried out excavations in Rhodesia at Zimbabwe and other sites; she undertook further excavations at Kharga Oasis 1930-2 and in southern Arabia in 1937-8; she served on the council of the Royal Anthropological Institute, the Royal Geographical Society, and the British Institute of History and Archaeology in East Africa; she was awarded the Cuthbert Peek award of the Royal Geographical Society, 1932; Rivers medallist of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 1934; Huxley medallist, 1946; Burton Medal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1954; Fellow of Newnham College, Cambridge, Hon. Fellow, 1981; FBA, 1944; Hon. Litt. D. Cambridge, 1954; she served as Governor of Bedford College for Women and the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London; her chief Egyptological publications were The Badarian Civilisation, with G. Brunton, 1928; The Desert Fayum, 1934, Kharga Oasis in Prehistory, 1952; and her reminiscenses Mixed Memoirs, 1983; she died at Court Farm, Broadway, Worcestershire, 18 April 1985.

British topographical artist; born Kentish town, London, 26 March 1809, son of William B. and his wife Anne; he was articled to John Britton the architect and antiquary, 1823, and employed to illustrate his works; he later travelled to Europe, America, and the Near East, producing his most famous work, The Beauties of the Bosphorus, with Julia Pardoe, 1839, after a visit to Turkey; in 1845 he went to Egypt of which he wrote a descriptive work, The Nile Boat, 1850, which ran to five editions. He died on a ship between Malta and Marseilles and was buried at sea, 13 Sept. 1854.

British Coptologist and Demotist. Born, London 1859. Died, Bath 1944. Educated at Marlborough College and Trinity College, Cambridge. Studied Law and was called to the Bar, but did not pursue this as a career. At the direction of his father he studied medicine, but work in the biological laboratories at University College, London threatened his eyesight. Encouraged by Petrie who he met during his time at University College, he embarked on his Egyptological career at the age of forty, studying with Griffith and Crum. He specialized in Coptic and Demotic, and became eminent in this field. Fellow, University College; Hon. D.Litt. Oxford; FBA. He assisted with the compilation of Crum's Coptic Dictionary. Published several Demotic and Coptic papyri as well as contributions towards other books. He left provision in his will for the foundation of a chair of Egyptology at Cambridge.

German Egyptologist and Demotist. Born, Hanover 1870. Died, Munich 1930. Educated at the Universities of Strasbourg, Berlin, and Paris, studying with J. Dümichen, A. Erman, and G. Maspero, respectively, 1888-92. Appointed Lecturer of Egyptology at Strasbourg University. He first concentrated on hieratic papyri especially the juristic texts, then on Coptic and Demotic studies, becoming one of the leading authorities in the field at that time. He published his acclaimed Coptic Dictionary, which was only superseded by W. E. Crum's work. Spiegelberg was a prolific author who wrote several hundred articles.

German Egyptologist. Born, Berlin 1897. Died, Innsbruck 1971. Studied Egyptology under H. Ranke at Heidelberg, 1924, then with H. Junker and K. Sethe. Dr. Phil., 1926. Employed initially as an assistant in the Berlin Museum, and also worked at the German Archaeological Institute, Cairo. During his time in Egypt he translated texts collected by the German E. Delta expedition in 1929. Also worked for Chicago House, Luxor, as an epigraphist. Lecturer, Göttingen University, 1943. Professor of Egyptology, Heidelberg University, 1952. Professor of Egyptology, Göttingen University, 1956. Professor (emeritus), Göttingen University, 1965-71. Published extensively, especially religious texts.

British Egyptologist. Born, Dublin 1871. Died, London 1956. Through her interest in Egyptology she met, then married, Flinders Petrie in 1896. Worked with her husband on his excavations, helping to raise the money to fund their work. She also assisted Margaret Murray with her excavations of the Osireion at Abydos, 1902-3.

British Egyptologist and archaeologist. Born, Liverpool 1882. Died, Oxford 1934. Studied Mathematics and Classics at Queen's College, Oxford. Jodrell Scholar. Craven Fellow, 1906, which enabled him to study archaeology in Rome. Pelham Student, British School in Rome, 1909. Entered Egyptology and excavated with P. E. Newberry at Abydos, and then in the Delta in 1909. Continued working at Abydos, 1909-13, at first with E. Naville, and eventually on his own. Studied Egyptian with Sir A. Gardiner and taught himself Coptic and Demotic. Lecturer in Egyptology, University of Manchester, 1913-28. Director of the Egypt Exploration Society's Excavations. Laycock Student in Egyptology, Oxford, 1923. Brunner Professor of Egyptology, Liverpool University, 1920-33. Reader and Professor designate in Egyptology, Oxford, 1933-4, but died before the appointment was confirmed. Fellow, Queen's College, Oxford, 1933. Specialised in the study and translation of papyri, especially those concerned with mathematics and Ramesside tomb robberies at Thebes. Edited the Liverpool Annals of Art and Archaeology, 1921 onwards, and the Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, from 1923. Published extensively in these publications as well as many others.

British archaeologist and museum assistant. Born, Giza 1912. Died, England 2002. Began medical training at the London School of Medicine for Women, 1929. Uncompleted Diploma Course in Archaeology, Cambridge University, 1932-3. Excavated with her father John W. Crowfoot and other leading archaeologists, in England and Palestine. Appointed Cataloguer in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, cataloguing the whole of the Egyptian and Nubian collections, she also had a significant role in the arrangement and display of the Museums lithic collections in the Egyptian and Near Eastern galleries, 1957-79. She published many important publications on lithics as well as the Catalogue of the Predynastic Egyptian Collection in the Ashmolean Museum (Oxford, 1993; reprinted with addenda, 2000).

British classical archaeologist, numismatist, and historian. Born, Bowden 1867. Died, Oxford 1951. Educated at Manchester Grammar School. Won a scholarship at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. MA. D.Litt. Excavated at Megalopolis, Greece, 1890-1. Master, Mill Hill School until 1893. Board of Education, 1893-1926. Deputy Keeper of Coins, Ashmolean Museum, 1931-51. Librarian, Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 1933-46. Worked with W. M. F. Petrie at Thebes, 1895-6, and also visited B. P. Grenfell and A. S. Hunt's excavations at Karanis. Copied Greek inscriptions, Cairo, 1899. Worked at Deir el-Bahri with C. T. Currelly, 1905-6. Treasurer, Egypt Exploration Society, 1912-19. Published extensively on the history and inscriptions of Ptolemaic and Roman Period Egypt.

British Egyptologist. Born, Glenorchy, Hobart, Tasmania 1874. Died, Haywards Heath, Sussex 1928. Educated, St Edward's School, Oxford, then Keble College, Oxford. BA, 1895. Worked with W. M. F. Petrie at Dendera, Hû, and Abydos, between 1897-1901. Assisted G. A. Reisner on the California University excavations at Gîza, 1901-6. From 1906 onwards, he spent of the rest of his career working for the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, culminating in the position of Associate Curator in 1922. He founded and directed the first Metropolitan Museum expedition to Egypt. Between 1922-4 he was engaged as an assistant to H. Carter during the early stages of excavating of the tomb of Tutankhamun. He was forced to resign this position due to poor health. He published several books and articles and collaborated with Carter on the first volume of the publication The Tomb of Tut.Ankh.Amen (1923).