American archaeologist and architect. Born, Middlefield MA, 1893. Died, New York NY, 1959. Trained as an architect at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and then joined the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Egyptian Expedition, mainly working at Deir el-Bahri and at Kharga Oasis. Loaned by the Expedition to the Tutankhamun tomb excavation in 1922-1923.

Born, Ripley, Surrey 1817. Died, 1892. Eldest son of Rear-Admiral Edward Hawker (1782-1860), of Ashford Lodge, near Petersfield, Hampshire. Adm. Pens. (aged 18) at Trinity College, Cambridge, 15th March 1836. BA, 1840. MA, 1845. Called to the Bar, 21st Nov. 1845. Married Marguerita, daughter of John Rennie. Travelled to Egypt and Nubia for health, 1850-2. Left graffiti with R. H. Borrowes at Semna and Kumma temples in January 1851.

British traveller, antiquarian, and collector. Born, Duns Castle, Berwickshire 1799. Died, Amisfield House, East Lothian 1863. Began a career as a midshipman, and whilst employed as such, visited Alexandria in 1818. In 1819 he unexpectedly inherited the family estate of Linplum following the death of his elder brother. With resources now at his disposal he was able to indulge in his passion for travelling, and spent much time in the Middle East, visiting Egypt in 1824-8 and 1829-34. He was accompanied at various times by several eminent artists, including F. V. J. Arundale, J. Bonomi, O. B. Carter, F. Catherwood, A. Dupuy, G. A. Hoskins, E. W. Lane, and C. Laver. He published Illustrations of Cairo (1840), which contained lithographs of his own drawings and well of those artists he travelled with, but the book made a huge loss due to poor sales, which subsequently curtailed Hay's ambitions to publish more of his work.

Surgeon and pharmacologist. Born, West Deeping, Lincs 1888. Died, London 1951. Educated at Winchester and New College Oxford; BA, 1911, MA, 1914. Then trained at University College Hospital. He served in the R.A.M.C. and the R.N.V.R. during the 1914-18 war, before returning to Oxford to complete his studies in pharmacology. In 1922 Heathcote was appointed as the first holder of the chair of pharmacology at the University of Cairo, a post he held until 1933. During his time in Egypt he travelled extensively, forming a notable collection of photographs of Egyptian antiquities. On his return to Britain he took up a post at the Welsh National School of Medicine at Cardiff, eventually becoming Professor of Pharmacology, a post he held until his death.

Swiss Egyptologist; he was born in Freiburg, 11 Jan. 1866, son of Casimir Balthasar Jacob H. and Maria Josefina Rudolf; he was educated at the Humboldt University Berlin, studying Egyptology under Brugsch and at the University of Strassburg where he received his doctorate; he was appointed Professor at Freiburg, 1889¬1908; he travelled in Egypt, 1896-1900 and in Egypt and NW Arabia, 1908-13; Professor Extraordinary of Oriental Languages, Zurich, 1918; he retired in 1936 with the title of Hon. Professor; he published an edition of the London-Leiden Demotic papyrus, and the Demotic stories of Khaemwese, but in his later years he concentrated on Arabic; Der demotische Roman von Stne Ha-m-us: Text, Uebersetzung, Commentar und Glossar, etc., 1888; Die gnostische Papyrus von London: Einleitung Text und Demotisch-Deutsches Glossar, 1892; Der demotische Teil der dreisprachigen Inschrift von Rosette, 1902; his notebooks and papers are in the Griffith Institute, Oxford; he died in Zurich, 29 April 1949.

Irish Egyptologist, Assyriologist, and clergyman. Born, Cork 1792. Died, Killyleagh 1866. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he studied Hebrew. BA, 1812. Jnr. Fellow, 1813. MA, 1817. Ordained priest, 1817. BD, 1823. DD, 1829. Rector of Ardtrea, 1819-25. Rector of Killyleagh, 1825-66. Contributed considerably to the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs and Babylonian cuneiform. Published many articles and books, including a Hebrew dictionary.

French architect. Born, Versailles 1801. Died, Paris 1872. Trained at École des Beaux-Arts, 1819-22. Worked on the plates for Cailliaud's publication Voyage à Meroé (1826-7). Visited Egypt and Nubia, 1839. Made mainly architectural drawings and paintings during his time there, some of which were reproduced in his Panorama d'Égypte et de Nubie (1841). Treasurer of the Société Asiatique, 1842. Horeau resumed his architectural career working in Paris and London. He won the best design for the Crystal Palace project in London, which in the event was not realised.

Son of Howard Douglas Horsfall and Emily Mabel Horsfall. He was born on 12 November 1890 at Mere Bank, Liverpool. He was educated at St Peter's court, Broadstairs, later spending 4 years at Eton where he was in Mt Impey's house. After an extended tour in Canada and the United States, he entered for a short time the service of the Bank of Liverpool, where he took the Bankers preliminary and final examinations, passing in all subjects with distinction in two consecutive years. He developed a taste for archaeology, and paid several visits to Egypt, where his knowledge of Arabic materially assisted his studies. Both there and in Mesopotamia he was associated with Professor Garstang in exploring expeditions, being with him at Meroe when the famous head of Augustus, now in the British museum, was found. Later he joined King's College, Cambridge; a brilliant paper was produced by him in the entrance examination upon the history of Egyptian slavery from the earliest times procuring for him the unusual distinction of admission to the University without being required to complete the preliminary examination. While at the University he took up boxing. Robert won the first prize in the College Long Vacation Essay, with an essay on "The Freedom of the Press From Milton to Corbett". But a promising scholarly career was cut short by the events of 1914. Immediately at the outbreak of the First World War, he enlisted and was assigned to the The King's Regiment (Liverpool), being appointed Captain of the 12th Battalion in June 1916. Shortly afterwards when reconnoitring at night, he has the misfortune through the collapse of a parapet, to impale himself on a broken bayonet. Later in the year he was invalided home with a broken fibula, which kept him for some time in the UK, later rejoining his old regiment for a short period of time, where he was much beloved by his brother officers, and the men. He was often entrusted with the work of liaison officer. He was killed in action in Cambrai (France) on 20 November 1917, aged 27.

British traveller, antiquary and amateur artist. Born, 1802. Died, Rome 1863. Visited Egypt in 1832-3 and 1860-1. Worked with Robert Hay at Qurna. Secretary and Treasurer of the White Nile Association, 1839. Published Travels in Ethiopia above the Second Cataract of the Nile (1835), Visit to the Great Oasis of the Libyan Desert (1837), and A Winter in Upper and Lower Egypt (1863).

Dutch Egyptologist; he was born in Utrecht, 15 June 1922, son of Jacobus Johannaes J. and Theodora Elselina Battenberg; he initially studied history and geography at the University of Utrecht and became a grammar school teacher; his interest in Egyptology led him to continue his studies in a one-to-one capacity with de Buck at the University of Leiden; PhD, 1961; he became Lecturer at the University of Leiden, 1970-79, and then Professor of Egyptology, 1979-83; he was editor of the Annual Egyptological Bibliography, 1970-83; he took early retirement to continue in his research work in London where in 1989 he married the Egyptologist Rosalind Hall who collaborated in many of his publications; he was Hon. Research Fellow in the Dept. of Egyptology, UCL; he was an expert in the hieratic script and a specialist on the economy of the Ramesside period and the workers' community at Deir el-Medina; apart from numerous articles, he published Two Ancient Egyptian Ship's Logs, 1961; Commodity Prices from the Ramessid Period, 1975; with R. Janssen, Egyptian Household Animals, 1989; with R. Janssen, Growing up in Ancient Egypt, 1990; Late Ramesside Letters and Communications, 1991; with R. Janssen, Getting Old in Ancient Egypt, 1996; Village Maria. Ten Studies on the History and Administration of Deir el-Medina, 1997; with others, Woodcutter, Potters and Doorkeepers: Service Personnel of the Deir el-Medina Workmen, 2003; Grain Transport in the Ramesside Period, 2004; Donkeys at Deir el-Medina, 2005; Daily Dress at Deir el-Medina, 2008; Furniture at Deir el-Medina, 2009; he died in London 23 Aug. 2011.

British Egyptologist and journalist. Born, Rochester 1886. Killed in action near Loos (between Vermelles and Hulloch), 1915. Foundation Scholar, Marlborough. Won an open scholarship to Exeter College, Oxford in 1905, completing his BA degree in 1909 with a Second Class in both Moderations and Literae Humaniores. Attached to the Department of Antiquities in Egypt, serving under A. E. P. Weigall for seven months in 1909. Assistant master, Fonthill School, East Grinstead, 1910-11. Assistant correspondent for The Times, based in Berlin, 1911-15. Volunteered at the beginning of World War I, as a commissioned officer he was appointed Second Lieutenant in the 6th Battalion of The Buffs (East Kent Regiment), 1915.

John de Monins Johnson was educated at Magdalen College School and Exeter College, Oxford. He was trained as a papyrologist and before his work at Antinoë he had excavated at Atfî. Most of Johnson's career was connected with Oxford University Press where he became Printer to the University in 1925. His excavations at Antinoë have never been published.

British Coptologist. Born, Bonn 1923. Died, Charlbury, Oxon 1955. Lady Wallis Budge Fellow, University College, at the time of his death. MA. D.Phil. Published material relating to the monastery of Deir el-Balaizah.

British archaeologist; he was born in London, 13 May 1907, son of Patrick K. of Galway, Ireland and Mabel Norton; he was educated at Wimbledon College, Merton College, Oxford, and University College London where he studied under Petrie from 1927-8; he took part in the excavations of Guy Brunton in Middle Egypt, Dec. 1928-April 1929; he then assisted Carter and Lucas in the assembly of the shrines of Tutakhamun at the Egyptian Museum; he was appointed to the post of assistant director under Emery on the Archaeological Survey of Nubia, 1929-34 during which he participated in the discovery of the tombs at Ballana and Qustul in 1931; he returned to Oxford to study under Griffith; BLitt, 1935; he was then appointed Director of the Oxford University Excavations in the Sudan, 1934-7, excavating at Firka, 1934-5 and at Kawa with Macadam, 1935-6; he held the Tweedie Fellowship in Archaeology and Anthropology from Edinburgh University, 1937-9; he served on the joint staffs at the Offices of the Cabinet and Ministry of Defence during World War II rising to the rank of Lt.-Col., 1943; he then became Director and Secretary of the Royal Geographic Society, 1945-75 and editor of the Geographic Journal, 1945-78; Hon. Vice-President from 1981; he became adviser to the Sudanese Government during the Nubian rescue campaign, 1958-61; he briefly surveyed Faras with W. Y. Adams and encouraged the Polish excavation of that and other sites; he founded the British Institute of History and Archaeology in Eastern Africa with Sir Mortimer Wheeler; President, 1961-81; Hon. Life President from 1981; Visiting Professor at Cairo University, 1976; Mortimer Wheeler Lecturer at the British Academy, 1977; Hon. President of the Sudan Archaeological Research Society from 1992; he was awarded the Royal Geographical Society's Founder's Gold Medal, 1975; CMG, 1958; KCMG, 1972; he published with W. Emery, The Excavations and Survey between Wadi-es-Sebua and Adindan, 1935; with Emery, The Royal Tombs of Ballana and Qustul, 1938; The Oxford University Excavations at Firka, 1939; and with Macadam, The Temples of Kawa II, 1955; his collected articles were edited by T Hagg, L. Torok, and D. Welsby as Studies on the History of Late Antique and Christian Nubia, 2002; he died in London, 16 April 1999.

French Egyptologist; born at Brie-Comte-Robert, 25 Nov. 1873, son of Louis Clement L., an architect, and Lucie Adele Belin; he at first entered the Ecole Normale intending to take up geology and studied Natural Science at the Sorbonne; he then turned to philosophy taking his degree in this subject 1897, but studying oriental languages simultaneously; the influence of Maspero led him to study Coptic and Egyptian and he joined the Institut Francais at his suggestion and began work for the Cairo general catalogue; he arrived in Egypt in 1899 and in 1901 published his first article on an Egyptian subject, Textes de l'Ancien Testament en copte sahidique, in the Rec. Trav. ; his first volume for the Catalogue General on the coffins in the museum in Cairo followed in 1906; this work led him to become interested in religious texts and he published a series of articles on the Coffin Texts in Rec. Trav. 26-37, which was of great importance before the appearance of the comprehensive work of de Buck; he also wrote a number of articles on Egyptian grammar at this period; in 1912 Lacau was appointed Director of the IFAO in Cairo, 1912-34 and the following year was elected a member of the Institut Egyptien; on 7 Oct. 1914 he was appointed Director of the Antiquities Service, but delayed his departure to Egypt for war service until Sept. 1915 when he was sent back to Egypt so that he could arrange a proper administration for the Antiquities Service throughout the war period; this done he returned to France, 1916, after delegating his work to the Secretary-General G. Daressy; he returned to Egypt in 1917 and resumed his duties; in 1919 he married Anne-Marie Bernard, daughter of the Geography Professor at the Sorbornne, and was made Director of the Institut Francais; he was made a correspondant of the Acad. des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 1923; in the period after the war Lacau issued directives for the partial uncovering of the funerary temples and their dependant buildings at Saqqara, and for the study of the Memphite tombs both architecturally and functionally, and for essential restoration and consolidation work to be carried out at Karnak; sondages were also to be made with a view to making possible the publication of all the completed parts; at the time of the discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun Lacau insisted on all the finds being retained in Egypt and secured the entire collection for the Egyptian Museum; he returned to France in 1936, and succeeded Moret in his chair in Paris, 1938-67; in 1939 he became a Member of the Acad. des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres; after the war he paid three further visits to Egypt, 1950-4, and died in Paris, 27 March 1963; his principal works were, Sarcophages anterieurs au Nouvel Empire, 2 vols. 1904-6; Fragments d'apocryphes copies, 1904; Textes coptes en dialectes akhmimique et sahidique, 1908; Textes religieux egyptiens, I pt. 1910; Steles du Nouvel Empire, 2 vols. 1909, 1926, for Cairo Cat.; Une stele juridique de Karnak, 1949; Sur le systeme hieroglyphique, 1954; Une chapelle de Sesostris 1er a Karnak, with H. Chevrier, 1956; La Pyramide a degres, tom. 4. Inscriptions gravies sur les vases, with J. P. Lauer, 2 pts., 1959, 1961; Une chapelle d'Hatshepsout a Karnak, with H. Chevrier, 2 vols,, 1977, 1979.

British Arabic scholar; he was born in Hereford, 17 Sept. 1801, son of Theophilus L., a military officer and prebendary of Hereford Cathedral, and Sophia Gardiner; after being educated at the Grammar Schools of Bath and Hereford, he joined his brother in London as an engraver, but abandoned that career owing to ill health; he learned Arabic and went to Egypt, 19 Sept. 1825-7 April 1828, where he spent most of his time in Cairo although making voyages up the Nile from 15 March-28 Oct. 1826 where he went as far as the Second Cataract, and 23 June-19 Dec. 1827 with Hay up to Abu Simbel; he left in MS a voluminous description and a large number of drawings (BL Add. MSS 34080-8: others in the Griffith Inst. Oxford); he returned to Egypt from 13 Dec. 1833-29 Aug. 1835; Lane spoke Arabic fluently and in 1836 published Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, a companion work by Wilkinson which dealt with the Ancients being published later; he was in Egypt again, 19 July 1842-16 Oct, 1849, when he compiled his great Arabic dictionary, An Arabic-English Lexicon, for which funds were provided by Algernon Percy, the Duke of Northumberland, which appeared in parts from 1863-93; Lane was the leading Arabic scholar of Europe, and although his works are primarily concerned with the modern Egyptians, they are of great value to Egyptologists as he was closely associated with Hay and Wilkinson; he was elected a corresponding member of the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, 16 Dec. 1864; his collection of antiquities was acquired by the British Museum in 1842; there is a MS collection of his letters in the Bodleian Library and the Griffith Institute, Oxford; he also translated The Thousand and One Nights, 1839-41; Selections from the Kur-dn, 1843; Forty-one Eastern Tales and Anecdotes,1854; posthumously Cairo Fifty Years Ago, 1896; his unpublished work, Description of Egypt was edited and published by J. Thompson, 2000; he died in Worthing, 10 Aug. 1876

Eldest daughter of George Lane, a market gardener in Pulborough, Sussex. Lady's maid to Lucy Renshaw, travelling companion of Amelia A. B. Edwards. She married twice, firstly in 1879 to George Collins and then in 1885 to William Norton Western; this explains her married names Collins and Western in official records.

British ecclesiastical lawyer, antiquarian, and patron of science; he was born at Totteridge, Herts., 28 April 1783, son of John Fiott and Harriet Lee; he graduated from St. John's College, Cambridge; MA, 1809; LLD, 1816; his name was Fiott, but he changed it by royal licence on inheriting from the Revd Sir George Lee, Bart., the estate of Hartwell, Bucks., and other estates elsewhere, 1815; he studied law and was admitted to the Coll. of Advocates, of which he was librarian and Treasurer; he practised in the Ecclesiastical Courts and at the age of 80 was admitted Barrister, Gray's Inn, becoming Bencher and QC the following year; he married 1. Cecilia Rutter, 1833 (11854), 2. Louisa Catherine Heath, 1855; he took great interest in the promotion of science and archaeology all his life, and was a generous patron, forming an extensive library and museum at his seat at Hartwell; he had a rich collection of Egyptian antiquities, many of which he had ,bought at the Barker, Lavoratori, Burton, and Athanasi sales; others he acquired during a visit to Egypt in 1807-10; a printed catalogue of the Egyptian collection, by Bonomi, was issued in 1858; after his death, most of the Egyptian collection was bought by Lord Amherst, his library and MSS were sold at Sotheby's, 1876, and collections of deeds, etc., 8 March 1939; some of the geological specimens and some minor Egyptian pieces are now in the Buckinghamshire County Museum, Aylesbury, while other geological specimens are in the Natural History Museum, London. the MS, registers of Lee's Museum in 4 vols. folio are also at Aylesbury; he was foundation member of the Royal Astron. Soc., 1820, President, 1862; FRS, 1831; FSA, 1828; scientific meetings were held at his house and out of these grew the Meteorological Soc., the Syro-Egyptian Soc., the Anglo-Biblical Soc., the Palestine Arch. Assn., and the Chronological Institute; the last four.were dissolved in 1872 and merged in the Soc. of Biblical Arch.; Lee's name is associated with a judicial papyrus which passed into Lord Amherst's coll. and is now in the Pierpont Morgan Library, NY; some of his papers are in the Griffith Institute, Oxford; Lee died, in Hartwell, 25 Feb. 1866.

British dentist and Egyptologist. Born, London 1903. Died, London 1985. Trained as dentist at King's College Hospital Dental School, 1926-30. Spent his whole working life as a dentist. Interest in Egyptology led him to study with V. Seton-Williams at the Institute of Archaeology, London. Worked with the team that examined the mummy of Tutankhamun in 1968. Joined the Manchester Mummy project in 1975. Elected Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1966.

German Egyptologist; he was born at Naumburg an der Saale, 23 Dec. 1810, son of Carl Peter L., Saxon Procurator for the district of Thuringa, and Friederike Glaser; he was educated at Naumburg School, 1823-9; the Universities of Leipzig, 1829-30; Gottingen, 1830-2, where he attended lectures on archaeology and Greek Antiquities and also learnt Sanskrit; Berlin, 1832-3, where he was critical of the philological school under Boeckh; PhD on the Eugubian Tablets, 1833; he went to Paris in 1833 to collect materials on ancient weapons for the Duc de Luynes and while there attended lectures given by Letronne on the history of Egypt, whose critical approach to the subject he afterwards praised; under the influence of Bunsen and Humboldt he studied Egyptology, but although well qualified in many ancient languages he would not learn Egyptian until Champollion's Grammar had appeared; in this he showed his orderly mind which was to be of great service to him later; he required to make comparisons of the different systems of decipherment then being discussed in order to establish the correct one at a time when scholars were still uncertain about them; his famous letter to Rosellini marked the turning-point in the study of hieroglyphs; in this he accepted the Champollion system and showed once and for all that it was the correct one, but also expanded and corrected it where necessary, showing the use and nature of syllabic signs for the fast time and the relationship of certain features to Coptic; in his spare time Lepsius learnt engraving on copper and lithography which he rightly considered would be useful in his work later; he also wrote poetry and music as diversions from his studies; while in Paris Lepsius made many squeezes and tracings of inscriptions and then spent four years visiting the principal Egyptian collections in England, Holland, and Italy; in 1842-5 he led the Prussian Expedition to Egypt and Nubia after having prepared for it most thoroughly; this was the best-equipped expedition that had ever gone to Egypt with skilled draughtsmen among the members; intending mainly to survey the monuments and gather objects Lepsius also excavated the site of the Labyrinth in the Fayum and made a stratified drawing of sections across the site, using a method not normally used in the Near East again until the present century; at this time his interest in Nubian languages was aroused; he went as far south as Khartoum and Sennar and also to Sinai in the north-east; he visited Palestine and later published the Nahr el-Kelb inscription of Ramesses II; in all he sent home 15,000 Egyptian antiquities and plaster casts; he was appointed Professor at Berlin University, 1846; he married Elisabeth daughter of Bernard Klein, the composer and niece of Gustav Parthey 1846; Member of the Acad., 1850; Corresponding Member of the Academie des Inscriptions in Paris, 24 Dec. 1858; co-director of the Egyptian Museum, Berlin, 1855; on the death of Passalacqua in 1865, he was made Keeper of the Egyptian collections and in 1873, Keeper of the Royal Library; the epigraphic and other material collected on the expedition was published in 1859 in the 12 vast volumes of the Denkmaler, probably the largest Egyptological work ever produced; the work consists entirely of folio plates, 894 in all, extremely accurate compared with earlier works of this type; the text did not appear until after his death, when it was compiled from his papers by Naville and others, and published in 5 further vols., 1897-1913; the Egyptian museum in Berlin was largely built according to his specification; in his later works he showed an interest in chronology and mensuration; he visited Egypt with another expedition, 1866, exploring the Suez area and the east Delta; this resulted in the discovery of the decree of Canopus at Tanis, of tremendous importance, as this bilingual stone acted as a check to prove the results achieved by Egyptologists up to 1866 by using the Rosetta stone and Champollion's system; for many years from 1864 on he edited ZAS; his last visit to Egypt was in 1869 when he was present at the opening of the Suez Canal; Knight of the Bavarian order of Maximilian, 1873; Privy Councillor, etc.; his bibl. lists 142 works.

German missionary and collector; he was born in Erfurt, Prussia, 29 May 1798, son of Christian Wilhelm L. master shoemaker, and Anna Maria Bormann; he worked for many years in Cairo under the Church Missionary Society, 1825-62; he was ordained priest in the Church of England, 1842, and revised the New Testament in Coptic and Arabic for the SPCK; he translated into Arabic the Homilies of St. Chrysostom and other works; Member of the Egyptian Society of Cairo, 1836; he was hostile to Mariette; he married 1838/9 Alice Holliday (d.Cairo, 1868) who made squeezes of many Egyptian monuments which are now in the Griffith Institute, Oxford and Grantham Museum; they collected Egyptian antiquities and in 1861 Lord Amherst purchased the collection of 186 items for £200, the inventory of which is now in the Eg. Dept. of the British Museum; in the preface to the Amherst Sale Catalogue (1921) he is wrongly called `the Revd W. Leider'; he died of cholera in Cairo, 6 July 1865.